Industries Take Root & Moving West By:Ms. Astle

The Growth of Industry The Industrial Revolution began in the mid-1700s in Britain. It was a period during which machinery and technology changed how people worked and produced goods. The Industrial Revolution took hold in the US in New England around 1800. Rivers and streams provided waterpower to run machinery in factories. New England was near needed resources, such as coal and iron from Pennsylvania and so it had an advantage. New England shipped cotton from the Southern states and sent the finished cloth to markets throughout the nation. New England had workers to handle the growth of industry.

The Growth of Industry The Industrial Revolution could not have taken place without the invention of new machines and new technology or scientific discoveries that made work easier. Britain created machinery and methods that changed the textile industry with inventions such as the spinning jenny, the water frame, and the power loom. Most mills were built near rivers because the new machines ran on waterpower In 1785 the steam engine provided power for a cotton mill. In the United States, many new inventions were created.

The Growth of Industry In 1793 Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin. One worker using the machine could clean cotton as fast as 50 people working by hand. The patent law passed in 1790 protected the rights of people who created inventions. A patent gives an inventor the sole right to the invention and its profits for a certain period of time.

New England Factories Samuel Slater took over a cotton mill in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, where he was able to copy the design of a machine invented by Richard Arkwright of Britain that spun cotton threads. Slater memorized the design while in Britain, came to the U.S. in 1789, and established Slater’s Mill. Lowell’s Mill, another textile plant in Waltham, Massachusetts, was established in 1814. The Factory system, or brining manufacturing steps together under one roof, began here. This was an important part of the Industrial Revolution because it changed the way goods were made and increased efficiency.

New England Factories The technology of making interchangeable parts made it possible to produce many types of goods in large quantities. It also reduced the cost of manufacturing goods. In 1789 Eli Whitney devised this method to make 10,000 rifles in two years for the United States government. He was able to make huge quantities of identical pieces that could replace one another.

Agriculture Expands In the 1820’s, more than 65 percent of Americans were farmers. In the Northeast, farms were small and the produce was sold locally. In the South, cotton production greatly increased with the development of the textile industry of New England and Europe. Enslaved workers planted, tended, and picked the cotton. With the invention of the cotton gin, cotton could be cleaned faster and cheaper then by hand, so farmers raised larger crops. Between 1790 and 1820 cotton production went from 3,000 to 300,000 bales a year. In the West, farmers north of the Ohio River raised pork and cash crops such as wheat and corn. Some Southern farmers also moved west to plant cotton

Economic Independence Merchants, shopkeepers, and farmers put some of the money they earned back into their businesses to try and earn larger profits. Businesses that needed more money had to borrow from banks. Cities and towns grew as a result o the growth of factories and trade. Many developed along rivers and streams to use the waterpower.

Economic Independence Cities such as New York, Boston, and Baltimore became centers of commerce and trade. Towns such as Pittsburg, Cincinnati, and Louisville became profitable from their proximity to major rivers. Cities and towns did not look like those today. Buildings were wood or brick. Streets were unpaved. Animals roamed freely. Because there were not sewers, the danger of disease such as cholera and yellow fever grew. Fires could spread easily and could be disastrous. Cities offered many types of shops, jobs, a steady income, and cultural opportunities. Many people left their farms and moved to cities for the city life.

Westward Bound

Moving West In 1790 almost all of the 4 million people living in the U.S. lived east of the Appalachian Mountains. In 1820 the population was about 10 million with almost 2 million living west of the Appalachian Mountains. Travel west was difficult. A pioneer family had many hardships along the way. Good inland roads were needed and private companies built turnpikes, or toll roads.

Moving West Daniel Boone was an early pioneer. IN 1769 he explored a Native American trail through the Appalachian Mountains called Warriors Path. It led to a break in the mountains—the Cumberland Gap. Beyond the gap lay Kentucky. He explored the area for 2 years. In 1775 Boone took 30 skilled foresters to make the trail easier for pioneers migrating west. They widened the path, cleared rocks, cut down trees, and marked the trail. It became known as the Wilderness Road. More than 100,000 people traveled it between 1775 & 1790.

Moving West In 1803, when Ohio became a state, it asked the federal government to build a road to connect it to the East. Congress approved a National Road to the West in 1806, but because of the War of 1812, roadwork stopped. The first section from Maryland to western Virginia opened in 1818, and years later it reached Ohio and then on to Illinois.

Moving West Some people traveled along the rivers, loading all of their belongings onto barges. Travel on barges were difficult because: Traveling upstream was slow and difficult. Most rivers flow in a north-south direction not east-west direction. Steamboats provided a faster means of river travel.

Moving West In 1802 Robert Livingston hired Robert Fulton to build a steamboat with a powerful steam engine. He wanted the steamboat to be able to carry cargo and passengers up the Hudson River from New York City, to Albany, NY. In 1807 Robert Fulton built the Clermont, a steamboat with a newly designed powerful engine. The 150 mile trip from New York to Albany was shortened from 4 days to 32 hours. It offered many comforts. Passengers could sit or stroll the decks or relax in comfort in sleeping quarters below deck.

Steamboats Steamboats improved the transport of people and goods. Shipping became cheaper and faster. River cities such as Cincinnati and St. Louis also grew. By 1850 some 700 steamboats were carrying cargo and passengers within the United States.

Canals Traveling the existing river system would not tie the East with the West, so a New York business and government group led by DeWitt Clinton planned to link New York City with the Great Lakes region by building a canal. This artificial waterway across New York State would connect Albany on the Hudson River with Buffalo on Lake Erie. The 363-mile canal, called the Erie Canal, was built by thousands of workers, many who were Irish immigrants. Along the way they built a series of locks where they could lower or raise the water level. Canal building was a dangerous task. Many workers died as a result of cave-ins, or blasting conditions. Another threat was disease. After 8 years of hard work, the Erie Canal opened on October 26, 1825.

Canals Early on, steamboats could not use the canal because their powerful engines might damage the embankments. Teams of mules and horses on the shore pulled the boats and barges. A two horse team pulled a 100 ton barge about 24 miles in one day. In the 1840s, the canal’s banks were reinforced to accommodate steam tugboats. Because the Erie Canal was such a success, by 1850 the United States had more than 3,600 miles of canals. They lowered shipping costs and brought growth and prosperity to towns along their routes. These canals also helped unite the country, tying the East and West together.

Western Settlement Four new states—Vermont, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ohio—were admitted to the Union between 1791-1803. Only one new state, Louisiana, entered during the next 13 years. After the War of 1812, a second wave of expansion began. Between 1816 and 1820 five western states were created: Indiana, Illinois, Mississippi, Alabama, and Missouri.

Western Settlement People tended to settle in communities along the rivers such as the Ohio and Mississippi. Waterways provided a highway for shipping crops, and other goods to market. Canals allowed people to settle on lands farther from rivers. People also preferred to settle in communities with others from their home communities. Indiana was settled mainly by people from Kentucky and Tennessee. Michigan’s pioneers came mainly from New England. Life in the West included social events such as wrestling and pole jumping for men and quilting and sewing parties for women. Both men and women gathered for corn husking. Life in the West did not have conveniences of Eastern town life.

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