Chapter 1- Section 1 the world before 1600 Ms. Arnold US HISTORY

Nomads Nomadic Siberian hunter-gatherers crossed into the Americas, began farming, and settled in villages. During the Ice Age, a land bridge called Beringia connected Asia and North America. Between 12,000 and 40,000 years ago, Siberians crossed this land bridge into North America. These early Americans were nomads. They moved from place to place and followed a hunter-gatherer way of life.

Villagers About 10,000 years ago many of the large North American animals died off. Early Americans began to hunt smaller prey and gather more plants. About 7,000 years ago, some groups started planting seeds. Farming allowed them to settle into villages. This change is called the Agricultural Revolution.

Question The agricultural revolution allowed people to a. live longer. b. settle into villages. c. adopt a hunter-gatherer way of life. d. more successfully hunt large animals.

Question The agricultural revolution allowed people to a. live longer. b. settle into villages. c. adopt a hunter-gatherer way of life. d. more successfully hunt large animals.

Empires of Mesoamerica Empires rose up in Mesoamerica, a region that is today Mexico and Central America. Olmec Olmec culture first began around 1200 BC. The Olmec people had a tremendous influence on later cultures. Maya The Maya began their rise around 400 BC. They built pyramids and developed writing and number systems. Aztec In the 1400s the militaristic Aztec formed a large empire in present-day Mexico. The Aztec capital was Tenochtitlán, today’s Mexico City.

Early Cultures of North America Early Native Americans encountered varied environments, including forests, deserts, and fertile land. In each region, different kinds of societies developed. For example: The Hohokam people farmed with irrigation systems in the Southwest. The Anasazi, ancestors of today’s Pueblo Indians, built adobe dwellings called pueblos in the Southwest.

Early Cultures of North America The Adena and Hopewell, known as the Mound Builders, buried their dead in large earth mounds. The Mississippians were the most advanced farmers north of Mexico. They built towns across the Southeast and southern Midwest.

Native American Geography Native Americans in North America before the 1500s established diverse cultures based on geography and resources. Southwest: Lived in pueblos governed by council of religious elders Northwest Coast: Had an abundance of natural resources

Native American Geography California: Many animals and plants were available year-round. Far North: Lived in the freezing tundra and hunted wildlife Great Basin and Plateau: Lived in dry areas behind the Pacific Coast mountain ranges.

Geography Continued Great Plains: Plains Indians lived west of the Mississippi River and hunted buffalo. Eastern Woodlands: Groups in this dense forest region used forest resources to build homes. Southeast: Most Native Americans lived in settled farming villages for hundreds of years.

Demand for Slave Labor Gold and trade first attracted European sailors to Africa, but it was the demand for labor that caused Europeans to join in the African slave trade. The Portuguese, Spanish, and other Europeans built plantations off the African coast and in the Caribbean, Brazil, and North America. European planters began importing slaves to work the large plantations.

Demand for Slave Labor The slave trade expanded as American planters began importing slaves to the Americas. The slave trade devastated society in West Africa for 400 years. During this time an estimated 20 million enslaved Africans landed in the Americas.

Question The African slave trade included a trip across the Atlantic Ocean, which was called the a. Triangular Trade. b. Middle Passage. c. French and Indian War. d. Third Passage.

Question The African slave trade included a trip across the Atlantic Ocean, which was called the a. Triangular Trade. b. Middle Passage. c. French and Indian War. d. Third Passage.

Changes in New Lands Europeans made political, cultural, and religious changes and explored new lands. The Middle Ages 1096: The Crusades began in Palestine, opening European eyes to new lands. 1400s: European countries began to consolidate under monarchs, forming nation-states. The Magna Carta was signed, placing limits on royal powers.

Changes in New Lands The Renaissance and Reformation 1300s: Prosperity led to better education and cultural and scientific advances. Discontent grew in the Roman Catholic church. Martin Luther’s challenges began the Reformation and the birth of Protestantism.

Changes Continued The Age of Exploration Scientific advances led European nation- states to find new lands and trade sources. Marco Polo traveled to China. Prince Henry of Portugal sought a sea route to Asia. Vasco de Gama found one in 1498.

Columbus and America Christopher Columbus Born in 1451 in the trading city of Genoa, Italy While visiting Portugal, decided to attempt sailing west to reach Asia Called this mission “Enterprise of the Indies” Enterprise of the Indies Finally won support from Spanish monarchs Isabella and Ferdinand Began on August 3, 1492, with three ships: Niña, Pinta, and Santa Maria – Columbus’s flagship Landed at dawn on October 12, 1492, on a small island in the Bahamas, which Columbus mistook for the Indies in Asia

Voyage Impacts European colonization in America and the downfall of the Native American people New plants and animals exchanged between continents, known as the Columbian Exchange This exchange brought European diseases to the Americas.

Question What was an effect of the Columbian Exchange? a. horses became a major part of European culture b. industrialization began c. many Native Americans died from the spread of smallpox and measles d. many Europeans died from the spread of smallpox and measles

Question What was an effect of the Columbian Exchange? a. horses became a major part of European culture b. industrialization began c. many Native Americans died from the spread of smallpox and measles d. many Europeans died from the spread of smallpox and measles