Unit 3: Middle East Empires The Byzantine Empire Chapter 11.1

Bellwork What do you remember about the Roman Empire? What do you remember about the Byzantine Empire from Monday?

After Rome split in 395, the Eastern Empire, known as Byzantium, flourishes for a thousand years.

The Eastern Roman Empire Justinian becomes emperor of Byzantium in 527. His armies re-conquer much of former Roman territory Byzantine emperors head state and church and use brutal politics New Laws for the Empire Justinian seeks to revise and update laws for governing the empire Justinian Code —new set of civil laws Code regulates much of Byzantine life; lasts for 900 years

Constantinople Creating the Imperial Capital Constructs new buildings; builds magnificent church, Hagia Sophia Byzantines preserve Greco-roman culture and learning Constantinople’s Hectic Pace Giant Hippodrome offers chariot races and other entertainment Racing fans start Nika riots in 532; government restores order violently!

Interior of the Church of Hagia Sophia

The Empire Falls Justinian dies in 565; empire faces many crises after his death Bubonic plague repeatedly Sweeps Empire; kills many residents Byzantium faces attacks from many different groups, including Islamic empires Constantinople falls in 1453; brings an end to the Byzantine Empire

The Crusades The Beginning of the Crusades Goals of the Crusades SECTION 1 The Crusades The Beginning of the Crusades • In 1093, Byzantine emperor asks for help fighting the muslim Turks on their borders Goals of the Crusades • Main goal: Pope wants to recover Jerusalem and reunite Christianity where it got started • Christians hope to earn land or win glory by fighting Continued . . . NEXT

The First and Second Crusades SECTION 1 continued The Crusades The First and Second Crusades • Pope promises Crusaders who die a place in heaven • First Crusade: Crusaders capture Jerusalem in 1099 (we read this account earlier) • In 1187 Saladin—Muslim leader and Kurdish warrior—retakes Jerusalem Continued . . . NEXT

The Crusading Spirit Dwindles SECTION 1 The Crusading Spirit Dwindles A Spanish Crusade • Most of Spain controlled by Moors, a Muslim people • Christians fight Reconquista—drive Muslims from Spain, 1100 to 1492 • Spain has Inquisition— a court to stop nonbelievers; expels non-Christians NEXT

The Effects of the Crusades SECTION 1 The Effects of the Crusades The Crusades Change Life 1. Crusades show power of Church in convincing thousands to fight 2. Merchants expand trade, bring back many goods from Southwest Asia 3. Crusades create lasting bitterness between Muslims and Christians NEXT

The Ottomans Build a Vast Empire SECTION 1 The Ottomans Build a Vast Empire Turkish Warriors • Many Turks live in Anatolia, on edge of Byzantine Empire • Many see themselves as ghazis—warriors who fight for Islam Osman Establishes a State • From 1300 to 1326, Osman, successful ghazi, builds state in Anatolia • Europeans call him Othman and his followers Ottomans • Ottomans win battles because of superior strategy and knowledge https://app.discoveryeducation.com/learn/videos/e4cc8028-2077-42db-a269-f8a763e8dd59?hasLocalHost=true Continued . . . NEXT

Powerful Sultans Spur Dramatic Expansion SECTION 1 Powerful Sultans Spur Dramatic Expansion Mehmed II Conquers Constantinople • Murad’s son, Mehmed II, conquers Constantinople in 1453 • **Opens city to Jews, Christians, and Muslims and rebuilds Ottomans Take Islam’s Holy Cities • In 1512, Selim the Grim, Mehmed’s grandson, comes to power • Conquers Mecca, Medina, and Cairo: important Muslim cities NEXT

Highly Structured Social Organization SECTION 1 continued Suleyman the Lawgiver Highly Structured Social Organization • Suleyman creates law code, reduces bureaucracy, simplifies taxation • Army uses devshirme—drafts boys from conquered lands • Trains 30,000 elite warriors—janissaries—loyal only to the sultan • Jews and Christians allowed to practice own religion Cultural Flowering • Suleyman’s broad interests lead to flourishing of arts, learning • Sinan, brilliant architect, designs magnificent Mosque of Suleyman NEXT

The Empire Declines Slowly SECTION 1 The Empire Declines Slowly Gradual Fall • Suleyman kills one son and exiles another • Third son inherits throne but rules weakly • Later sultans kill their brothers and leave their sons uneducated • Long line of weak sultans leads to empire’s eventual fall NEXT