I. A Brief History of Life II. Classifying Life The Diversity of Life I. A Brief History of Life II. Classifying Life III. The Prokaryote Domains: Bacteria and Archaea IV. The Domain Eukarya D. Plants: 1. Green algal ancestors

I. A Brief History of Life II. Classifying Life The Diversity of Life I. A Brief History of Life II. Classifying Life III. The Prokaryote Domains: Bacteria and Archaea IV. The Domain Eukarya D. Plants: 1. Green algal ancestors Alternation of generation

Aquatic Habitats Terrestrial Water available Desiccating IV. The Domain Eukarya D. Plants: 1. Green algal ancestors 2. Colonization of Land: Environmental Differences Aquatic Habitats Terrestrial Water available Desiccating Sunlight absorbed Sunlight available Nutrients at Depth Nutrients available Buoyant Less Supportive Low oxygen High O2 CO2 diffuses slowly CO2 diffuses quickly

Nutrients (released by decomposition) are available at depth IV. The Domain Eukarya D. Plants: 1. Green algal ancestors 2. Colonization of Land: Environmental Differences Light and oxygen are available at the surface; algae limited by lack of nutrients Nutrients (released by decomposition) are available at depth

IV. The Domain Eukarya Water in soil nutrients in soil D. Plants: 1. Green algal ancestors 2. Colonization of Land: Environmental Differences Water in soil nutrients in soil Terrestrial environments provide photosynthetic organisms with more light, oxygen, and nutrients, but it is DESICCATING

IV. The Domain Eukarya D. Plants: 1. Green algal ancestors 2. Colonization of Land: Environmental Differences 3. Plant Evolution – Adapting to Land ‘non-tracheophytes’

IV. The Domain Eukarya D. Plants: 1. Green algal ancestors 2. Colonization of Land: Environmental Differences 3. Plant Evolution – Adapting to Land 4. “Non-tracheophytes” a. Groups i. Liverworts ii. Hornworts iii. Mosses http://taggart.glg.msu.edu/bot335/bryo.htm http://www.biologyjunction.com/plant_taxonomy_bi.htm http://www.bio.miami.edu/dana/226/226F08_14print.html

IV. The Domain Eukarya D. Plants: 1. Green algal ancestors 2. Colonization of Land: Environmental Differences 3. Plant Evolution – Adapting to Land 4. “Non-tracheophytes” a. Groups b. Characteristics lack vascular tissues (xylem and phloem) - inefficient water transport – short - lack true organs - some have a cuticle and/or stomates - dominant gametophyte http://www.brynmawr.edu/biology/franklin/Bio103Key.htm

Liverwort spores from Argentina, 470 mya IV. The Domain Eukarya D. Plants: 4. “Non-tracheophytes” a. Groups b. Characteristics c. History Liverwort spores from Argentina, 470 mya Rubinstein, et. al. 2010. Early Middle Ordovician evidence for land plants in Argentina (eastern Gondwana). New Phytologist 188: 365-369 http://hudsonvalleygeologist.blogspot.com/2010/10/oldest-land-plants.html http://mediatheek.thinkquest.nl/~ll125/en/life-3.htm

ALL OTHER PLANTS: TRACHEOPHYTES IV. The Domain Eukarya D. Plants: 1. Green algal ancestors 2. Colonization of Land: Environmental Differences 3. Plant Evolution – Adapting to Land ‘non-tracheophytes’ ALL OTHER PLANTS: TRACHEOPHYTES

But, not great for gametophytes releasing swimming sperm. IV. The Domain Eukarya D. Plants: 4. “Non-tracheophytes” 5. Tracheophytes a. Characteristics Dominant Sporophyte Height is adaptive for plants – gets you out of the shade of other plants. But, not great for gametophytes releasing swimming sperm. Great for sporophytes releasing dry spores.

Efficient water and nutrient transfer up a tall plant IV. The Domain Eukarya D. Plants: 4. “Non-tracheophytes” 5. Tracheophytes a. Characteristics Dominant Sporophyte Vascular Tissue Efficient water and nutrient transfer up a tall plant Xylem: water up Phloem: sugars down http://manravbioeducation.blogspot.com/2007/08/transport-of-materials-in-plants.html

IV. The Domain Eukarya D. Plants: 4. “Non-tracheophytes” b. Groups i. Lycopodiophytes: (one vein per leaf ) ii. Euphyllophytes: (multiple veins per leaf) http://www.doctortee.com/dsu/tiftickjian/bio101/lvps.html

Selaginella, a “Spikemoss” IV. The Domain Eukarya D. Plants: 4. Non-tracheophytes 5. Tracheophytes b. Groups i. Lycopodiophytes groups: Lycopodium, a “Clubmoss” http://mygarden.uphero.com/ferns06.htm Isoetes, a “quillwort” http://ashscience7.wikispaces.com/Plant+Classification

IV. The Domain Eukarya Basal tracheophytes: - cuticle and stomates D. Plants: 4. Non-tracheophytes 5. Tracheophytes b. Groups i. Lycopodiophytes: characteristics Basal tracheophytes: - cuticle and stomates - dominant sporophyte - xylem and phloem - simple ‘leaflets’

IV. The Domain Eukarya D. Plants: 4. Non-tracheophytes 5. Tracheophytes b. Groups i. Lycopodiophytes evolutionary history: dominate in Carboniferous Lepidodendron was a canopy species (100 ft tall, 3ft in diameter) in the Carboniferous Period (360-300 mya); ferns and other Lycophytes were in the understory. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Meyers_b15_s0272b.jpg

IV. The Domain Eukarya D. Plants: 4. “Non-tracheophytes” b. Groups i. Lycopodiophytes ii. Monilophytes

IV. The Domain Eukarya Polypodiales Cyatheales Salvinales Osmundales D. Plants: 4. “Non-tracheophytes” 5. Tracheophytes b. Groups i. Lycopodiophytes ii. Monilophytes - Diversity Polypodiales Cyatheales Salvinales Osmundales Equisitales Psilotales Ophioglossales

IV. The Domain Eukarya D. Plants: 4. “Non-tracheophytes” 5. Tracheophytes b. Groups i. Lycopodiophytes ii. Monilophytes - Diversity These primitive groups lack true roots. Ophioglossum, “Adder’s tongue”, is very reduced, producing one 2-part leaf (frond) a year; one part bears spores and the other doesn’t. Psilotum – a whisk fern – is even more reduced; lacking leaves. The sporangia are borne on short stalks from the stem Psilotales Ophioglossales

IV. The Domain Eukarya D. Plants: 4. “Non-tracheophytes” 5. Tracheophytes b. Groups i. Lycopodiophytes ii. Monilophytes - Diversity Dimorphic fronds; photosynthetic or spore bearing, like this Cinnamon fern. Osmundales “Horsetails” are an ancient group, with fossil representatives growing 30 ft tall. They have reduced leaves and may have whorled branches. Spores born in a strobilus. Equisitales

IV. The Domain Eukarya Polypodiales Cyatheales Salvinales D. Plants: 4. “Non-tracheophytes” 5. Tracheophytes b. Groups i. Lycopodiophytes ii. Monilophytes - Diversity Polypodiales Cyatheales Salvinales The Salvinales are unusual, having adapted to an aquatic lifestyle. These are the “water ferns”. They are also unusual in have two types of spores.

IV. The Domain Eukarya Polypodiales Cyatheales Salvinales D. Plants: 4. “Non-tracheophytes” 5. Tracheophytes b. Groups i. Lycopodiophytes ii. Monilophytes - Diversity Polypodiales Cyatheales Salvinales The Cyatheales include the tree ferns – an ancient group considered to be ‘living fossils’. The group also includes some forms that have stems (rhizomes) that grow along the ground, rather than vertically.

IV. The Domain Eukarya Polypodiales Cyatheales Salvinales D. Plants: 4. “Non-tracheophytes” 5. Tracheophytes b. Groups i. Lycopodiophytes ii. Monilophytes - Diversity Polypodiales Cyatheales Salvinales The Polypodiales is the largest group of Monilophytes, with 1200 of the 1500 monilophyte species. They are the most advanced group, evolving 100 mya Photos from: http://biology.byu.edu/Faculty/laj39/bio430/Polypodiaceae_files/

IV. The Domain Eukarya D. Plants: 4. “Non-tracheophytes” b. Groups i. Lycopodiophytes ii. Monilophytes - Diversity -Characteristics: Cuticle and stomates Dominant sporophyte Xylem and phloem TRUE LEAVES http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/summer2003/fernlifecycle.htm http://www.science-art.com/image/?id=3553&search=1&pagename=fern_life_cycle

- Radiate and Diversify during the Carboniferous, with Lycopodiophytes 5. Tracheophytes b. Groups i. Lycopodiophytes ii. Monilophytes - Radiate and Diversify during the Carboniferous, with Lycopodiophytes http://www.wemyss.ukfossils.co.uk/Wemyss-Fossils-Geology/geology-guide.htm

5. Tracheophytes b. Groups i. Lycopodiophytes ii. Monilophytes Sequestration of cellulose (carbon in sediments caused CO2 concentration to drop; oxygen rose as photosynthesis > respiration http://forum.nationstates.net/viewtopic.php?f=20&t=34345&start=50

The unification of Pangaea during the Permian dried the climate 5. Tracheophytes b. Groups i. Lycopodiophytes ii. Monilophytes The unification of Pangaea during the Permian dried the climate http://www.texas-geology.com/Texas%20Post%20Triassic%20Dinosaurs.html

5. Tracheophytes b. Groups i. Lycopodiophytes ii. Monilophytes iii. Gymnosperms Giving an edge to organisms that had finally cut ties with aquatic habitats: the gymnosperms and ‘amniotes’ http://www.search4dinosaurs.com/carr_Permian_riverside.html