Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson: Define respiration Be able to distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic respiration Understand the 2 stages of aerobic respiration Understand the 1 stage of anaerobic respiration Write chemical equations for both aerobic respiration

Respiration “Respiration is the enzymatic-controlled release of energy from organic compounds in a living cell” What’s wrong with this?

Aerobic respiration   The controlled release of energy from food using oxygen C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy

Aerobic Respiration This is a 2 stage process with different stages taking place in different locations

The 2 stages of aerobic respiration

Anaerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration is the controlled release of energy from food without the use of oxygen Lactic acid fermentation Glucose → 2 Lactic acid + small amount of energy Alcohol fermentation Glucose → 2 ethanol + 2 carbon dioxide + small amount of energy

The 2 types of anaerobic respiration (fermentation)

Lesson objectives HL By the end of this lesson: Aerobic respiration is a 2 stage process Understand in detail the conversion of glucose (stage 1- glycolysis) to 2 pyruvic acid molecules and a small amount of energy – anaerobic process The complex reactions of stage 2 to yield high amounts of energy (Krebs cycle and electron transport chain) – aerobic process

Location of the stages of respiration

Equation for glycolysis – stage 1 2ADP + 2P 2 ATP + Water GLUCOSE (C6) 2 PYRUVIC ACID (C3) 2NAD+ 2NADH NAD+ + 2e- + H+ → NADH

Events in stage 2

Events in stage 2 The production of ATP by electron transport system

The relationship between the electron transfer systems and stages 1 and 2 of respiration

Summary of aerobic respiration Aerobic respiration involves stage 1 and 2 reactions: Stage 1 (glycolysis) is anaerobic and releases very little energy Stage 2 includes Kreb’s Cycle reactions and the electron transport systems – these are aerobic and release a large amount of energy

Differences between Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration Location Cytoplasm and Lumen and Cristae of mitochondria Cytoplasm Oxygen Requirements Uses O2 Does not use O2 End Products CO2 + H2O Ethanol +CO2 or Lactic acid Energy Produced Lots of energy (38 ATP) Little energy (2 ATP) 16

Lesson objectives HL By the end of this lesson: Anaerobic respiration (fermentation) is a 1 stage process Understand the reactions of this process in detail with a good knowledge of the 2 types of fermentation and the associated organisms

Anaerobic respiration

Lesson objectives By the end of this lesson: What biotechnology is Methods of production in fermentation Micro-organisms used in fermentation and their applications About bio-processing with immobilised cells, their advantages and uses

Industrial Fermentation Biotechnology refers to the use of living things (such as micro - organisms and enzymes) to carry our useful reactions In industrial fermentation the micro - organisms are placed in a container with a suitable substrate on which they can react The vessel in which biological reactions can take place is called a Bioreactor A fermentation bioreactor 20

Production method 21

Microorganisms used in bioprocessing New mo/s are being produced by genetic engineering In general bacteria and fungi (especially yeast strains) Bacteria can be used to make yoghurts, antibiotics + enzymes Yeasts can be used to make Beer and wine, carbon dioxide for baking and single cell protein Fungi can produce antibiotics and citric acid 22