Olea europaea pollen lipids activate invariant natural killer T cells by upregulating CD1d expression on dendritic cells Beatriz Abós-Gracia, BSc, Manuel.

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Olea europaea pollen lipids activate invariant natural killer T cells by upregulating CD1d expression on dendritic cells Beatriz Abós-Gracia, BSc, Manuel Gómez del Moral, PhD, Juan López-Relaño, BMSc, Vanesa Viana-Huete, BMSc, Lourdes Castro, BSc, Mayte Villalba, PhD, Eduardo Martínez-Naves, PhD Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Volume 131, Issue 5, Pages 1393-1399.e5 (May 2013) DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.11.014 Copyright © 2012 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig 1 iNKT cell activation by olive pollen lipids. A, Numbers represent spot-forming cells detected by using the ELISpot. For IFN-γ, the mean was 30 ± 16 in control DCs versus 151 ± 31 in olive pollen lipid–treated DCs. For IL-4, the mean was 8 ± 2 in control DCs versus 32 ± 5 in lipid-treated DCs. B, iNKT cell expansion as measured by percentages of double-positive cells: 0.16 ± 0.13 in control DCs versus 1.6 ± 1.7 in olive pollen lipid–treated (200 ng/mL) PBMCs. One representative experiment of 7 is shown. TCR, T-cell receptor; T. Lipids, total lipids. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2013 131, 1393-1399.e5DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2012.11.014) Copyright © 2012 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig 2 Interactions between olive pollen and DCs. A, Pollen capture in vitro at 15 minutes and 2 hours. B, Mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) ± SD normalized to control cells (CD1d, n = 12; CD1a, n = 7; CD86 and HLA-DR, n = 6; and HLA-I and CD80, n = 3). **P < .03 and ***P < .01. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2013 131, 1393-1399.e5DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2012.11.014) Copyright © 2012 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig 3 Isolated iNKT cells are activated by olive pollen lipids. A, DC lysis by iNKT cells. Mean percentage of lysis ± SD is represented (n = 10). B, IFN-γ and IL-4 detection by iNKT cells in response to DCs exposed to lipids. Total lipids (T. Lipids) and PBS-57 were added at 100 ng/mL. Results represent triplicate samples ± SD from a representative experiment (n = 3). ***P < .01. Aq. Extract, Aqueous extract. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2013 131, 1393-1399.e5DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2012.11.014) Copyright © 2012 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig 4 Olive pollen lipid–treated DCs. A, Relative mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) ± SD in independent experiments (CD1d, n = 24; CD1a, CD86, and HLA-DR, n = 17; CD80 and HLA-I, n = 6). B, Total CD1d protein levels measured by means of fluorescence microscopy showing control cells (DCs; left) and DCs exposed to lipids (right) and flow cytometry (far right). C, Relative quantification (RQ; mean ± SD) of CD1D (n = 8), CD1A (n = 6), CD1B, and CD1C (n = 4) gene expression. Aq. Extract, Aqueous extract; LF. Extract, lipid-free extract; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; T. Lipids, total lipids. *P < .05, **P < .03, and ***P < .01. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2013 131, 1393-1399.e5DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2012.11.014) Copyright © 2012 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig 5 The PPARγ antagonist GW9662 reverses CD1d upregulation and natural killer T cell activation induced by pollen lipids in DCs. A, Relative quantification (RQ) of CD1D and CD1A transcript levels in pollen lipid–treated DCs in the presence or absence of GW9662 (mean ± SDs, n = 4). B, Activation of iNKT cells: cytotoxicity and induction of IL-12 production cells by DCs in the presence or absence of GW9662 (mean ± SDs, n = 3). GAPDH, Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; RSG, rosiglitazone; T. Lipids, total lipids. *P < .05, **P < .03, and ***P < .01. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2013 131, 1393-1399.e5DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2012.11.014) Copyright © 2012 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig 6 Pollen lipid species–treated DCs. A, Relative mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) ± SD (CD1d and CD1a, n = 10; CD86 and HLA-DR, n = 5) on treated or untreated DCs determined by means of fluorescence-activated cell sorting. B, Relative quantification (RQ) of CD1 mRNAs by using real-time PCR (means ± SDs of CD1d, n = 7; CD1a, n = 3). C, Percentage of CD1d inhibition (MFI) ± SD by GW9662 in DCs with or without total lipids, FFAs, or polar lipids. Results are normalized to rosiglitazone-treated cells. D, The mean percentage of lysis ± SD is represented for polar lipid– and triacylglycerol (TG)–treated DCs (n = 5) and for FFA-treated DCs (n = 3). ATRA, All-trans retinoic acid; Polar L, polar lipids; RSG, rosiglitazone; T. Lipids, total lipids. *P < .05, **P < .03, and ***P < .01. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2013 131, 1393-1399.e5DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2012.11.014) Copyright © 2012 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig E1 Monocyte derived–DCs photographed with light inverted microscopy (original magnification ×40). A, Control DCs. B, Olive pollen grain–stimulated DCs after 48 hours in culture. Several cells enclose pollen grains with their cytoplasm. C, DCs treated with whole lipid extract from pollen acquire flat and enlarged morphology. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2013 131, 1393-1399.e5DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2012.11.014) Copyright © 2012 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig E2 HLA-DR mRNA quantification by means of quantitative PCR. Relative quantification (RQ) of RNA transcript levels in DCs treated with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and total lipids (T. Lipids) from pollen and LPS referred to control DCs (mean ± SDs, n = 3). *P < .05. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2013 131, 1393-1399.e5DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2012.11.014) Copyright © 2012 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig E3 The PPARγ antagonist GW9662 reverses CD1d upregulation by pollen lipids in DCs. CD1a and CD1d expression was measured by using fluorescence-activated cell sorting in lipid-treated or untreated DCs in the presence or absence of GW9662. One representative experiment of 4 is shown. RSG, Rosiglitazone; T. Lipids, total lipids. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2013 131, 1393-1399.e5DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2012.11.014) Copyright © 2012 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig E4 Chemical analysis of olive pollen lipids by means of thin layer chromatography. The main species represented are polar lipids, diacylglycerols (DG), FFAs, and triacylglycerols (TG), attending to its grade of polarity in the solvent. Rf represents the relative mobility of each lipid. Ch, Cholesterol; PL, phospholipids. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2013 131, 1393-1399.e5DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2012.11.014) Copyright © 2012 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions