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Seeds of the Civil Rights Revolution

Background 14th Amendment 13th, 14th, 15th Amendments 13th abolished slavery (1865) 15th gave blacks the right to vote (1870) 14th Amendment Established “equal protection under the law” for all citizens born in the U.S. (1868)

Civil Rights Act 1875 Congress passed law saying “all men are equal under the law” Penalties for denying patronage (business) on basis of race Inns, theatres, restaurants 1883 Supreme Court rules act unconstitutional Applied only to government, not private citizens

Plessy v. Ferguson -Homer Plessy, a “partial” black man from Louisiana -Challenged constitutionality of segregated railroad coaches -Because provided “equal” services, it did not violate 14th Amendment -“Separate but equal” became constitutional basis for segregation

Jim Crow Laws Discrimination and segregation became the norm Became known as Jim Crow Laws Legally separated water fountains, restrooms, restaurants, public transportation, and more It was mostly in the South but also in the North

WWII paved the way for more civil rights movements Soldiers created a labor shortage (African Americans filled the void) 700,000 African Americans served in military Needed them to fight—ended discrimination Once home, they were determined to fight for own freedom Civil rights organizations fought to get rid of discrimination and Jim Crow laws

NAACP National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (1909) Started to stop lynching and help blacks get voting rights By 1930s wanted full integration Led by Thurgood Marshall Young black lawyer Fought several major cases