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Section 1: The Road to World War I Section 2: World War I Chapter Introduction Section 1: The Road to World War I Section 2: World War I Section 3: The Russian Revolution Section 4: End of World War I Visual Summary Chapter Menu

The Road to World War I In what way did the system of European nation-states help lead to World War I? Chapter Intro 1

The BIG Idea Competition Among Countries Militarism, nationalism, and a crisis in the Balkans led to World War I. Section 1-Main Idea

Content Vocabulary Conscription – military draft Mobilization- assembling troops and supplies for war Section 1-Key Terms

People, Places, and Events Emperor William II Czar Nicholas II – Russian leader who mobilized the army against Germany to start WWI. General Alfred von Schlieffen People, Places, and Events Triple Alliance – Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary Triple Entente – France, Great Britain, Russia Archduke Francis Ferdinand – was assassinated which created the situation that started WWI Bosnia Gavrilo Princip – assassinated Francis Ferdinand and his wife. Section 1-Key Terms

Causes of the War Nationalism, militarism, and a system of alliances contributed to the start of World War I. Section 1

Causes of the War (cont.) Two alliances were created dividing Europe along national lines. Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy Triple Entente: France, Great Britain, and Russia These alliances were tested during the early 1900’s during a series of crises in the Balkans between 1908 and 1913. These rivalries over colonies and trouble in the Balkans left European nations resentful of each other and eager for revenge. Nationalism was another issue – many of the different ethnic groups wanted to become their own nation. Section 1

Causes of the War (cont.) Socialism also to rise – labor movements increased making leaders fearful of possible revolutions in the European nations. The desire to suppress these actions caused nations to adopt a policy of militarism, or a readiness for war. Mass armies created continent-wide – armies doubled between 1890 -1914. They drew up vast and complex plans for mobilizing millions of soldiers and enormous quantities of supplies in the event of the war. They established conscription to ensure an adequate supply of troops. Section 1

The Outbreak of War Serbia’s determination to become a large, independent state angered Austria-Hungary and started hostilities. Section 1

The Outbreak of War (cont.) Militarism, nationalism, and the desire to put a stop to internal dissent from the ethnic groups played a part in starting WWI. It was also based on the decisions that European leaders made in response to a crisis in the Balkans that led directly to WAR. Serbia, who was supported by Russia, was determined to create a large, independent nation in the Balkans. Austria-Hungary wanted to prevent that from happening. On June 28, 1914, Archduke Francis Ferdinand, the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, visited Sarajevo, Bosnia which was an area in the Austria-Hungarian empire. Waiting for him was a group of conspirators. Section 1

The Outbreak of War (cont.) In that group was a 19 year old, Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian Serb, who was a member of the Black Hand, a Serbian terrorist organization that wanted Bosnia to be free of Austria-Hungary and become a part of the larger Serbian kingdom, assassinated the archduke and his wife. Austria tried to conduct an investigation – Serbia would not cooperate. The first two countries to respond to the assassination were Russia and Austria-Hungary. They wanted to attack Serbia but feared Russia would support Serbia so they asked Germany for their help. Emperor William II of Germany promised Austria-Hungary full support if war broke out with Russia. Section 1

The Outbreak of War (cont.) On July 28, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. In response to Austria-Hungary’s declaration of war, Russia’s Czar Nicholas II ordered mobilization of the Russian army in order to support Serbia. In 1914, mobilization was considered an act of war. Germany reacted quickly and declared war on Russia. Section 1

The Outbreak of War (cont.) Germany reacted quickly and warned Russia they had 12 hours to demobilize. Russia ignored the warning Germany declared war on August 1st 1914 Like the Russians, Germany had a military plan. General Alfred von Schlieffen of Germany designed a plan for a two-front war against Russia and France. This was known as the Schlieffen Plan. Germany would conduct a small holding action against Russia. There would be a rapid invasion of France. France Section 1

The Outbreak of War (cont.) Great Britain declared war on Germany after von Schlieffen violated Belgian neutrality by demanding that German troops be allowed to pass through Belgium. By August 4, all the Great Powers of Europe were at war. Section 1

Section 1-End

World War I Why did the war become a stalemate on the Western Front? Chapter Intro 2

The BIG Idea Devastation of War The stalemate at the Western Front led to a widening of World War I, and governments expanded their powers to accommodate the war. Section 2-Main Idea

Content Vocabulary Propaganda – to spread ideas to influence public opinion for or against a cause. trench warfare - fighting from ditches protected by barbed wire; this time of fighting kept the Western Front from moving very much. war of attrition - a war based on wearing the other side down by constant attacks and heavy losses total war – a war involving complete mobilization of resources and people. planned economies – systems directed by government agencies in order to mobilize resources for the war effort. Section 2-Key Terms

People, Places, and Events Marne – first battle of WWI where trench warfare began Gallipoli Lawrence of Arabia – urged princes in the Middle East to revolt against their Ottoman lords. Admiral Holtzendorf Woodrow Wilson – president of the United States at the time of WWI Section 2-Key Terms

1914 to 1915: Illusions and Stalemate Trench warfare brought the war on the Western Front to a stalemate while Germany and Austria-Hungary defeated Russia on the Eastern Front. Section 2

1914 to 1915: Illusions and Stalemate (cont.) Government propaganda had stirred national hatred. Most people believed their nation’s cause was just and that the war would be over quickly. Most wars, prior to this, in Europe, only last a few weeks. Most soldiers believed they would be home by Christmas. World War I in Europe, 1914–1918 Section 2

1914 to 1915: Illusions and Stalemate (cont.) Western Front As Germany marched toward Paris, they were halted by French troops at the First Battle of the Marne. Both sides dug trenches, making advancement from either side difficult. The result was a stalemate. For four years, both sides remained virtually in the same positions due to the trench warfare. Section 2

1914 to 1915: Illusions and Stalemate (cont.) The Eastern Front The Russians were defeated in both the Battle at Tannenberg and the Battle of Masurian Lake in eastern Germany. Austria-Hungary was defeated by the Russians in Galicia and pushed out of Serbia. Germany came to Austria’s aid and pushed the Russians back into their own territory. Section 2

1914 to 1915: Illusions and Stalemate (cont.) Italy abandoned Austria and Germany and attacked Austria therefore joining France, Great Britain, and Russia and were now called the Allied Powers, or Allies. By May 1915, Russian casualties equaled 2.5 million, almost knocking them out of the war. Bulgaria joined Germany and Austria-Hungary. They attacked and eliminated Serbia from the war. Section 2

The Great Slaughter New weapons and trench warfare made World War I far more devastating than any previous wars. Section 2

The Great Slaughter (cont.) Trenches were elaborate systems of defense protected by barbed wire. Troops lived in holes in the ground separated by a strip of land known as no-man’s-land. Attacks consisted of heavy artillery wearing down the enemy’s barbed wire.Then soldiers would attempt to advance on the enemy’s trenches. 1916-1917 – millions of young men died in the search for the elusive breakthrough. Section 2

The Great Slaughter (cont.) The attacks were rarely successful because the advancing troops were often fired upon by enemy machine guns, ultimately killing millions of men. Trench warfare was a tactic that turned World War I into a war of attrition. By 1915, airplanes were added to the battlefront for the first time. Fight for control of the air occurred and increased, over time. Section 2

The Great Slaughter (cont.) Planes were first used to spot enemy positions but eventually began to attack ground targets especially enemy communications. In the beginning, pilots shot at each other with pistols but were later equipped with machine guns. The Germans used their giant airships, known as zeppelins, to bomb cities but these were easily shot down by antiaircraft guns. Section 2

A World War With the war at a stalemate, both the Allied Powers and the Central Powers looked for new allies to gain an advantage. Section 2

A World War (cont.) The Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers that consisted of Bulgaria, Germany, and Austria-Hungary. The Allied Powers—France, Great Britain, Russia, and Italy—declared war on the Ottoman Empire. The Allies unsuccessfully attempted to open a Balkan front on the war by landing and attacking at Gallipoli (near Constantinople)– had to withdraw because it was so disastrous. In return for Italy entering the war on the Allied side, France and Great Britain promised to let Italy have some Austrian territory. This opened up a front against Austria-Hungary Section 2

A World War (cont.) The war soon became a world conflict when a British officer, Lawrence of Arabia, encouraged Arab princes in the Middle East to revolt against their Ottoman overlords. The Ottoman Empire was destroyed in the Middle East by British forces who led a coalition of Indian, Australian, and New Zealand forces. At first the U.S. tried to remain neutral during the war. Section 2

A World War (cont.) Great Britain and Germany implemented a series of naval blockades against one another. On May 7, 1915, Germans sank the British ship Lusitania, provoking the United States. About 1100 civilians including over 100 Americans died. Germany ended unrestricted submarine warfare to avoid conflict with the U.S. Section 2

A World War (cont.) In January of 1917, Germany was tired of the deadlock in the war. German naval officers wanted to convince the emperor to use submarine warfare but when he expressed his concern about the United States possibly entering the war, Admiral Holtzendorf convinced the German emperor to resume unrestricted submarine warfare by stating the following: “not one American will land on the continent” The Germans’ use of unrestricted submarine warfare causes the United States to retaliate by entering the war and joining the Allied Powers. Section 2

The Impact of Total War World War I became a total war, with governments taking control of their economies and rationing civilian goods. Section 2

The Impact of Total War (cont.) World War I eventually became a total war when the countries involved called for complete mobilization of their resources and people. The war affected the lives of all citizens in the nations involved. Countries drafted tens of millions of men. Governments rationed food supplies and materials. Section 2

The Impact of Total War (cont.) Imports and exports were regulated. Transportation systems and industries were temporarily taken under government control. In order to mobilize all the resources of their nations for the war effort, European nations set up planned economies. Section 2

The Impact of Total War (cont.) President Woodrow Wilson declared that the men and women at home helping with the war effort were no less part of the army than the soldiers at war. Section 2

The Impact of Total War (cont.) As public support for the war began to waiver, governments expanded their powers to stop internal dissent. Authoritarian regimes relied on force to quiet opposition. The British Parliament allowed the government to arrest protesters as traitors. Newspapers were censored. Section 2

The Impact of Total War (cont.) Women took on new roles during the war by filling the jobs traditionally done by men. After the war, many jobs were taken from the women as the men returned to the workforce. The role women played during the war had a positive impact on the women’s movement and in many areas, women gained the right to vote after the war. Section 2

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