www.hndit.com HNDIT11034 More Operators

Increment and Decrement Operators www.hndit.com Increment and Decrement Operators Prefix and Postfix notations The increment ope rator, ++, can be used in two ways: As a prefix, in which the operator follows the variable. ++n ; As a postfix, in which the operator follows the variable. n++;

The following code segment differentiates the two notations: var1 =10; www.hndit.com The following code segment differentiates the two notations: var1 =10; var2 = ++var1; The equivalent of this code is: var1 = 10; var1 = var1 + 1; var2 = var1; In this case, both var1 and var2 are set to 11.

However, if the code is written as: www.hndit.com However, if the code is written as: var1 = 10; var2 = var1++; the equivalent code will be: var1 =10; var2 = var1; var1 = var1 +1; Here,var1 is set to 11,but the value of var2 is 10.

www.hndit.com The decrement operator can also be used in both the prefix and postfix forms.

#include <iostream.h> void main() { int j; // declare j as int www.hndit.com #include <iostream.h> void main() { int j; // declare j as int j=1; // initialize j to 1 cout << “j=“ << j << ‘\n’; j++; //increment j j--; //decrement j }

Arithmetic Assignments www.hndit.com Longer form x = x + y x = x - y x = x * y x = x / y x = x % y Short hand x += y x -= y x *= y x /= y x %= y

Conditional Operators www.hndit.com Consider the following statements that find the maximum of two given numbers: if (num1 > num2) { max = num1; } else max= num2;

above program code can be modified using the conditional operator as: www.hndit.com In the above program code, we are determining whether num1 is greater than num2. The variable, max is assigned the value, num1, if the expression, (num1 > num2), evaluates to true, and the value, num2,if the expression evaluates to false. The above program code can be modified using the conditional operator as: max = (num1 > num2)? num1 : num2;

cout << “Please enter a score for the student “; www.hndit.com The?: operator is called the ternary operator since it has three operands. The following example calculates the grade of a student based on his scores. int score =0; cout << “Please enter a score for the student “; cin >> score; char grade = (score > 75)? ‘A’:’B’;

cout << ( score > 50 ? “PASSED”: “FAILED”) << endl; www.hndit.com The following code will display either “PASSED” or “FAILED”, depending on the value in the variable, score. cout << ( score > 50 ? “PASSED”: “FAILED”) << endl;

Bitwise Operators www.hndit.com

www.hndit.com Assume if A = 60; and B = 13; now in binary format they will be as follows: A = 0011 1100 B = 0000 1101 A&B = 0000 1100 A|B = 0011 1101 A^B = 0011 0001 ~A  = 1100 0011

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cout << "Line 1 - Value of c is : " << c << endl ; int a = 60; // 60 = 0011 1100 int b = 13; // 13 = 0000 1101 int c = 0; c = a & b; // 12 = 0000 1100 cout << "Line 1 - Value of c is : " << c << endl ; c = a | b; // 61 = 0011 1101 cout << "Line 2 - Value of c is: " << c << endl ; c = a ^ b; // 49 = 0011 0001 cout << "Line 3 - Value of c is: " << c << endl ; c = ~a; // -61 = 1100 0011 cout << "Line 4 - Value of c is: " << c << endl ; c = a << 2; // 240 = 1111 0000 cout << "Line 5 - Value of c is: " << c << endl ; c = a >> 2; // 15 = 0000 1111 cout << "Line 6 - Value of c is: " << c << endl ; www.hndit.com

Q & A www.hndit.com