The Neural Basis of Language Development and Its Impairment

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The Neural Basis of Language Development and Its Impairment Angela D. Friederici Neuron Volume 52, Issue 6, Pages 941-952 (December 2006) DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2006.12.002 Copyright © 2006 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Brain Activation in Response to Speech Sounds in 3-Month-Olds (A) Averaged brain activation in response to speech sounds (forward speech and backward speech against rest) in 3-month-old infants. L, left hemisphere; R, right hemisphere. (B) (Left panel) Averaged brain activation in 3-month-old awake infants for forward speech against backward speech. (Right panel) Averaged hemodynamic responses of forward speech and backward speech in awake and asleep infants. Neuron 2006 52, 941-952DOI: (10.1016/j.neuron.2006.12.002) Copyright © 2006 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Averaged Event-Related Brain Potentials to Auditorily Presented Correct and Syntactically Incorrect Sentences in 24-Month-Olds, 32-Month-Olds, and Adults Vertical line indicates the onset of the violating word. (A) ERPs at left anterior electrode F7 for the early syntactic effect (ELAN). (B) Distribution maps for the difference between correct and incorrect sentences in the time windows in which the ELAN effect is expected. Dark blue indicates negativity, which is clearly present at left anterior site for 32-month-olds and for adults. (C) ERPs at centro-parietal electrode PZ for the late syntactic effect (P600). Neuron 2006 52, 941-952DOI: (10.1016/j.neuron.2006.12.002) Copyright © 2006 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Averaged ERP for Spoken Words Congruous and Incongruous with a Picture Presented Vertical line indicates the word onset. (A) ERPs of typically developing children and adults showing a semantic N400 effect except for the youngest group. (B) ERPs of 19-month-old infants who were diagnosed with risk for SLI at the age of 2.5 years. Neuron 2006 52, 941-952DOI: (10.1016/j.neuron.2006.12.002) Copyright © 2006 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 Averaged ERPs to Auditorily Presented Correct and Semantically Incorrect Sentences Vertical line indicates the onset of the violating word. (A) ERPs of typically developing children and adults showing a semantic N400 effect. (B) ERPs of 10- to 12-year-old children diagnosed with SLI. Neuron 2006 52, 941-952DOI: (10.1016/j.neuron.2006.12.002) Copyright © 2006 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions