Who’s cooking? Analysis of food preparation time in the 2003 ATUS Jennifer Jabs, MS, RD and Carol M. Devine, PhD, RD Abstract Table1: Characteristics of subjects Table 3: Of those reporting any time in food prep: Ln(min/day) Women n=7349 Men n=5862 Characteristic n %* Age: 21-30yr 1251 17.0 871 14.9 31-40yr 2196 29.9 1743 44.6 41-50yr 2090 28.4 1780 30.4 51-62yr 1812 26.7 1468 25.0 Race: white 6090 82.9 4976 84.9 non-white 1259 17.1 886 15.1 Ethnicity: non-Hispanic 6447 87.7 5148 87.8 Hispanic 902 12.3 714 12.2 Education: <college degree 4119 56.1 3299 56.3 college degree 3230 44.0 2563 43.7 HH income: <$40,000 3122 42.5 2045 34.9 ≥$40,000 4227 57.5 3817 65.1 Family status: no partner & no child 1485 20.2 1449 24.7 no partner & ≥1 child 1168 15.9 300 5.1 partner & no child 1659 22.6 1405 24.0 partner & ≥1 child 3037 41.3 2708 46.2 HH size: 1-3 people 4747 64.6 3690 63.0 4-13 people 2602 35.4 2172 27.1 Employment: not 2014 27.4 743 12.7 part-time 1313 17.9 306 5.2 full-time 4022 54.7 4813 82.1 Interview data: weekday 3584 48.8 2884 49.2 weekend 3765 51.2 2978 50.8 *May not add to 100 due to rounding Womena n=4748 Menb n=2110 Characteristic (relative to) Coeff p>z Age: 31-40yr 0.021 0.62 0.112 0.13 41-50yr 0.055 0.20 0.138 0.06 51-62yr (21-30yr) 0.034 0.48 0.108 0.17 Race: non-white (white) 0.173 0.00 0.164 0.01 Ethnicity: Hispanic (non-Hispanic) 0.270 0.250 Education: college degree (<college degree) -0.099 0.005 0.91 HH income: ≥$40,000 (<$40,000) -0.003 0.93 0.007 0.89 HH size: 4-13 people (1-3 people) 0.072 0.04 -0.031 0.61 Family status: no partner & ≥1 child 0.290 0.262 partner & no child 0.298 partner & ≥1child (no partner & no child) 0.391 0.213 Employment: part-time -0.163 -0.225 0.03 full-time (not-employed) -0.299 -0.199 Interview data: weekend (weekday) 0.182 0.359 Constant 3.338 3.011 Adj R2: a=0.078; b=0.049 (sampling weights used in analysis) Objective: To examine how individual, family, and employment characteristics are associated with time spent in daily food prep Design & subjects: Logistic & linear regression analysis of 2003 ATUS data of men & women 21-64 years age (n=13,211) Results: 65% women & 36% men reported food prep time. Women had greater odds of any time in food prep than men. Of those reporting any food prep time (all other variables constant) time spent in daily food prep: women=28.2min/d, men=20.3min/d. Having a partner increased women‘s odds and decreased men's odds of any time in food prep. Conclusions: Daily food prep time differed by parental & partner status, ethnicity, age, and other socio-demographic characteristics. Food prep was undertaken more by women than men when controlling for individual, family, and employment characteristics. Background ↑ household employment hours ↑ feelings of time pressure ↓ time spent in food preparation ↑ eating foods prepared away from home Simplified analytic model Daily time in food preparation Family: Child present HH size Partner present HH income Individual: Gender Age Race-ethnicity Education Outcome: Time in food prep Employment: Status (yes/no) Hours Table 4: Daily time in food prep Women Men Any vs. none (logistic) n % No time in food prep 2601 35.4 3752 64.0 Any time in food prep 4747 64.6 2110 36.0 Of those reporting any range Min/day in food prep 4748 1-654 1-430 Mean (Std Dev) 56.0(51.2) 42.4(43.7) Table 5: Of those reporting any time- Calculations from regression (min/d) Characteristic Women Men No partner & no child 28.2 20.3 No partner & ≥1 child 27.6 26.4 Partner & no child 37.9 24.1 Partner & ≥ 1 child 41.6 25.1 Other variables held at reference categories Results - Table 2: Odds of spending any vs no time in daily food prep Womena n=7349 Menb n=5862 Characteristic (relative to) OR p>z Age: 31-40yr 1.35 0.00 1.29 0.01 41-50yr 1.44 1.42 51-62yr (21-30yr) 1.92 1.43 Race: non-white (white) 0.96 0.51 0.80 Ethnicity: Hispanic (non-Hispanic) 1.17 0.06 0.77 Education: college degree (<college degree) 0.98 0.71 1.11 0.09 HH Income: ≥$40,000 (<$40,000) 0.85 0.99 0.91 HH size: 4-13 people (1-3 people) 1.25 1.05 Family status: no partner & ≥1 child 1.73 1.80 partner & no child 1.69 partner & ≥1child (no partner & no child) 2.71 0.90 0.23 Employment: part-time 0.74 0.04 full-time (not-employed) 0.66 0.63 Interview data: weekend (weekday) 0.79 0.15 Pseudo R2: a=0.044; b=0.022 (sampling weights used in analysis) Methods Conclusions Descriptive statistics & bivariate analysis of variables Variables grouped for categorical comparisons Dropped those with unknown income Limited to those 21-62 yr age, not full-time students (n=13,211) Data examined for normality 2 analysis performed: none vs. any food prep: Logistic regression for any time in food prep: Ln( daily min. in food prep): Linear regression Included variables in analytic model, 2- & 3-way interactions Interacted all variables with gender; rejected hypothesis of equality of coefficients across gender; subsequent models run by gender Influence diagnostics: removal of most influential cases made little difference in results, all kept for analysis Many reported no time in food prep (35% women, 64% men) Gendered nature of food prep: Women more likely to do any & more food prep than men Food prep time differed by parental & marital status, ethnicity, age, and other socio-demographic characteristics Role differences Women with partners have increased odds & men decreased odds of any time in food prep Having children at home increase time reported in food prep by men & women Smaller female:male differences among those reporting any daily food prep time Day of week influences doing any (less likely on weekends) & time spent in food prep (longer time on weekends) Implications The social framework in which food prep is performed has implications for food assistance policy Limited time spent in food prep has nutritional & health implications. If goal to understand food prep time then need to measure: food prep as a secondary activity & all household members’ time use in food prep Acknowledgements: John Cawley, Carole Bisogni, Elaine Wethington, Cornell University Office of Statistical Consulting, NIH: 5T32 DK007 158