APA Style and Annotated Bibliographies INGL 3231 Prof. Cristal Heffelfinger

APA Style

What is APA? The American Psychological Association, founded in 1892, is the largest organization representing social sciences and psychology in the United States. Style Guide Among the most widely used, next to MLA, Chicago, etc. Emphasis on clarity and consistency Attention to: Punctuation Word choice (e.g., gender-neutral language) General structure and format Tables and graphs Citations and references

Online resources Aside from the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Sixth Edition, there are many online resources that provide workshops and guidelines on APA style. One of the most useful tools is Purdue University’s Online Writing Lab. Follow the link below to explore the OWL: https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/section/2/10/. For video tutorials, visit the APA Style website: http://www.apastyle.org/learn/index.aspx. My go-to website is always the Purdue OWL due to its organized, clear format and its abundance of examples. You are welcome to use the tools of your choice. You should also know that there is a hard copy of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association available at the Richardson Seminar Room, in our English Department.

The basics Elements Print sources Electronic sources Author Date of publication Title of work Pages (if available) Publisher and place of publication DOI or URL While APA Style contains guidelines regarding the overall format of a paper, we will focus on the structure and content of references. Some of these e

In-text citations Author (year) (Author, year) e.g., According to Fernyhough (2012), most of our childhood memories are untrustworthy. (Author, year) e.g., Most of our childhood memories are untrustworthy (Fernyhough, 2012).

End-of-text references: General format Grice, H. P. (1975). Logic and conversation. In P. Cole & J. Morgan (Eds.), Syntax and semantics 3: Speech acts (pp. 41-58). New York, NY: Academic Press.   Keenan, E. O. (1976). The universality of conversational postulates. Language in Society, 5(1), 67-80. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/4166850 Mühleisen, S. (2011). Forms of address and ambiguity in Caribbean English-lexicon Creoles: Strategic interactions in a postcolonial language setting. Journal of Pragmatics, 43(6), 1460-1471. doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2010.10.017 Okolo, B. A. (2003). Communicative structure in dyadic bargaining: The case of buying and selling. In O. Ndimele (Ed.), In the linguistic paradise: A festschrift for E. Nolue Emenanjo (pp. 191-204). Aba, Nigeria: National Institute for Nigerian Languages. List your sources on a separate page, with the word “References” written in the center. Each entry should be aligned to the left, and indented from the second line forward. Organize alphabetically. *These references are taken from one of my academic papers. They have nothing to do with this course, but are used only as examples.

End-of-text references: Books Last Name, F. N. (Year). Title. Place of publication: Publisher. Cole, P. & Morgan, J. (1975). Syntax and semantics 3: Speech acts (pp. 41-58). New York, NY: Academic Press. Last Name, F. N. (Year). Title of chapter. In F. N. Last Name (Ed.), Title of book (pages). Place of publication: Publisher. Grice, H. P. (1975). Logic and conversation. In P. Cole & J. Morgan (Eds.), Syntax and semantics 3: Speech acts (pp. 41-58). New York, NY: Academic Press.

End-of-text references: Articles Academic paper Last Name, F. N. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume(issue), pages. Faraclas, N., González Cotto, L.. Corum, M., Joseph Haynes, M., Ursulin Mopsus, D., Vergne, A., … & Jessurun, A. (2014). Creoles and acts of identity: Convergence and multiple voicing in the Atlantic Creoles. PAPIA, 24(1), 159-184. News article Last Name, F. N. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Title of newspaper, pages. Ruiz Kuilan, G. (2017, May 30). Mañana el mensaje de presupuesto. El Nuevo Día, p. 6.

End-of-text references: Online sources Academic paper Last Name, F. N. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume(issue), pages. doi Economidou-Kogetsidis, M. (2010). Cross-cultural and situational variation in requesting behaviour: Perceptions of social situations and strategic usage of request patterns. Journal of Pragmatics, 42(8), 2262-2281. doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2010.02.001 Web article or post Last Name, F. N. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Retrieved from http://URL Baker, J., Brizee, A., & Angeli, E. (2013). Argumentative essays. Retrieved from https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/685/05/

Annotated bibliographies

We already know what a regular bibliography looks like… References Grice, H. P. (1975). Logic and conversation. In P. Cole & J. Morgan (Eds.), Syntax and semantics 3: Speech acts (pp. 41-58). New York, NY: Academic Press.   Keenan, E. O. (1976). The universality of conversational postulates. Language in Society, 5(1), 67-80. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/4166850 Mühleisen, S. (2011). Forms of address and ambiguity in Caribbean English-lexicon Creoles: Strategic interactions in a postcolonial language setting. Journal of Pragmatics, 43(6), 1460-1471. doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2010.10.017 Okolo, B. A. (2003). Communicative structure in dyadic bargaining: The case of buying and selling. In O. Ndimele (Ed.), In the linguistic paradise: A festschrift for E. Nolue Emenanjo (pp. 191-204). Aba, Nigeria: National Institute for Nigerian Languages. In general terms, a bibliography is a list of sources that appears at the end of a paper. It contains information about the different works used to write the essay. Keep in mind that all of your bibliography entries must also appear in the main text, and, likewise, every source cited in the text must be appropriately referenced in your bibliography page.

What makes it annotated? Summary (main arguments, topics, conclusions) Evaluation (usefulness, reliability, relation to your work) Annotation

Why annotations? This exercise helps you prepare for your project, as it forces you to pay closer attention to the content of your sources. It also lets you know how your paper fits into the existing body of literature. It may give you a clearer idea on how to formulate your thesis.

(Adapted from https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/614/03/) General format APA style citation Brief summary Evaluation Length: Anywhere from one paragraph to one page (no longer than 250 words) Like regular bibliography entries, annotations are organized alphabetically. Lamott, A. (1995). Bird by bird: Some instructions on writing and life. New York, NY: Anchor Books. This book offers honest advice on the nature of a writing life, complete with its insecurities and failures. Taking a humorous approach to the realities of being a writer, the chapters are wry and anecdotal and offer guidance on everything from plot development to jealousy, from perfectionism to struggling with one's own internal critic. In the process, the author includes writing exercises designed to be both productive and fun. Lamott offers sane advice for those struggling with the anxieties of writing, but her main project seems to be offering the reader a reality check regarding writing, publishing, and facing one's own imperfect humanity in the process. Rather than a practical handbook to producing and/or publishing, this text is indispensable because of its honest perspective, its down-to-earth humor, and its encouraging approach. Chapters in this text could easily be included in the curriculum for a writing class. Several of the chapters in Part 1 address the writing process and would serve to generate discussion on students' drafting and revising processes. Some of the writing exercises would also be appropriate for generating writing exercises. Students should find Lamott's style both engaging and enjoyable. The length of an annotated bibliography entry may vary, depending on the nature and the extent of your work. However, for our purposes, you should try to make annotations as concise as possible, without sacrificing any valuable information. Place greater emphasis on your assessment of the source, rather than on the summary. (Adapted from https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/614/03/)

Blog entry #9 Using the guidelines included in this presentation, write two annotated bibliography entries related to the topic of your final essay, and post them on your blog. As previously mentioned, we will continue to work within the argumentative genre. Therefore, your final written project will consist on a persuasive essay about a controversial topic. You may choose one from the list that appears on the next slide. Also, a list will be circulating via email to ensure that everyone is working on a different subject. I will send more specific instructions next week. For now, your assignment consists of selecting a topic, looking up information, and posting your two annotations. Naturally, you are expected to use more than just a couple of sources for your final essay.

Topics for final essay and presentation Choose only one of the following topics, create a thesis, and find evidence to support it. 1. Veganism 2. Meat-eating (does anyone know the term?) 3. Pro-life 4. Pro-choice 5. In favor of death penalty 6. Against death penalty 7. Cross-cultural marriages 8. Intra-cultural marriages 9. Gender-specific restrooms 10. Gender-neutral restrooms 11. Gun ownership 12. Gun control 13. In favor of beauty pageants 14. Against beauty pageants 15. Pro immigration/immigrants 16. Against immigration/immigrants 17. Monolingualism 18. Bilingualism 19. In favor of federal aids (“cupones”) 20. Against federal aids *The objective of your final essay is to defend a position, whether you actually believe in it or not. Thus, the challenge consists in finding sound arguments to support your thesis. Similarly, your final presentation will now be a debate, instead of a roundtable. You will need to state your case, listen to an opposing thesis (from a classmate), and then take an opportunity to deliver a counter-argument or rebuttal.

References American Psychological Association. (2017). APA history. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/about/apa/archives/apa- history.aspx American Psychological Association. (2017). Learning APA style. Retrieved from http://www.apastyle.org/learn/index.aspx Purdue Online Writing Lab. (2017). APA style. Retrieved from https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/section/2/10/ Stacks, G., Karper, E., Bisignani, D., & Brizee, A. (2013). Annotated bibliographies. Retrieved from https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/614/1/