DNA RNA PROTEIN EOC REVIEW

DNA What 2 components make up the DNA backbone? What 3 components make up a nucleotide? What are the rungs of the ladder?

Base Pairing A – T G – C Write the complementary strand for this sequence. CGC TTA ATG CGA TGA

Question Suppose a section of DNA has a total of 100 nucleotides in both strands. Of these, 20 have adenine bases. How many of those 100 nucleotides have the following: Thymine (T) bases: Cytosine (C) bases: Guanine (G) bases:

Replication Describe where each strand of DNA from parent molecule ends up. What is the main enzyme involved in this process?

Gene Expression DNA RNA Put the symbols in the correct order: PROTEIN REPLICATION DNA PROTEIN TRANSCRIPTION TRANSLATION RNA

Transcription RNA polymerase converts DNA to mRNA A-U G-C Convert the following DNA strand to RNA CGA AAA TGC ATT

Translation mRNA encoded into amino acids

Mutations Mutations: mistakes in DNA replication Point mutations Substitution Deletion Insertion Chromosomal mutations Inversions Translocations

Mutation Examples SUBSTITUTION JEN PET THE WET DOG Sub first E for A JAN PET THE WET DOG INSERTION Insert Z in first word JZE NPE TTH EWE TDO Which is worse for the cell, a substitution or insertion?

Mutation Examples INVERSIONS JEN PET THE WET DOG Flip “THE WET” and put it back in JEN PET TEW EHT DOG TRANSLOCATION JEN PET THE WET DOG DAN RAN ALL DAY JEN / PET THE WET DOG DAN RAN / ALL DAY JEN / ALL DAY DAN RAN / PET THE WET DOG

Causes and Effects of Mutations Radiation Chemicals Excessive heat Effects: Somatic cells: only affects organism Gametic cells: can be passed to offspring Some are actually beneficial Important source of variation

Practice Questions DNA molecules must unwind and then separate for replication and expression. Which of these happens when the DNA molecule comes apart? a. The weak bonds within the sugar-phosphate backbone are broken. b. The strong bonds within the sugar-phosphate backbone are broken. c. The weak bonds between the nitrogenous base pairs are broken. d. The strong bonds between the nitrogenous base pairs are broken.

Practice Questions DNA molecules must unwind and then separate for replication and expression. Which of these happens when the DNA molecule comes apart? a. The weak bonds within the sugar-phosphate backbone are broken. b. The strong bonds within the sugar-phosphate backbone are broken. c. The weak bonds between the nitrogenous base pairs are broken. d. The strong bonds between the nitrogenous base pairs are broken.

Practice Questions 2. When the genes encoded in deoxyribonucleic acid are expressed, what type of molecule is produced? a. DNA b. carbohydrate c. phospholipid d. protein

Practice Questions 2. When the genes encoded in deoxyribonucleic acid are expressed, what type of molecule is produced? a. DNA b. carbohydrate c. phospholipid d. protein

Practice Questions 3. Which of the following gives the most accurate description of the gene expression process? a. DNA  tRNA  mRNA  amino acid  protein b. DNA  anticodon  codon  tRNA  amino acid c. DNA  mRNA  tRNA  amino acid  protein d. DNA  mRNA  tRNA  codon  amino acid

Practice Questions 3. Which of the following gives the most accurate description of the gene expression process? a. DNA  tRNA  mRNA  amino acid  protein b. DNA  anticodon  codon  tRNA  amino acid c. DNA  mRNA  tRNA  amino acid  protein d. DNA  mRNA  tRNA  codon  amino acid

Practice Questions 4. A double-stranded segment of DNA is 50 nucleotides long along each strand. Thirty of the bases are adenine. How many of the bases are cytosine? a. 20 b. 30 c. 50 d. 80

Practice Questions 4. A double-stranded segment of DNA is 50 nucleotides long along each strand. Thirty of the bases are adenine. How many of the bases are cytosine? a. 20 b. 30 c. 50 d. 80

Practice Questions 5. Suppose that a point mutation inserts a thymine base into a DNA strand as shown blow. T TAA GGT ACG CAT Which represents the DNA strand that is complementary to the first 12 bases of the mutated strand? a. ATT CCA TAG CGT b. AUU CCA UAG CGU c. ATT CCA TGC GTA d AUU CCA UGC GUA

Practice Questions 5. Suppose that a point mutation inserts a thymine base into a DNA strand as shown blow. T TAA GGT ACG CAT Which represents the DNA strand that is complementary to the first 12 bases of the mutated strand? a. ATT CCA TAG CGT b. AUU CCA UAG CGU c. ATT CCA TGC GTA d AUU CCA UGC GUA