The Reformation Chapter 17 Section 3

Problems in the Catholic Church Popes were too busy pursuing worldly affairs to take care of spiritual duties. Priests and monks poorly educated. Others married, gambled, drank.

Pope Leo X Needed money to build St. Peter’s Basilica Sold Indulgences-pardon’s that reduced a souls time in purgatory

Nationalism People’s allegiances in Europe are now devoted to their nation or state not the church

Early Reformers John Wycliffe Jan Hus (yahn HOOS) English born in 1330 Believed the church should give up their earthly possessions Who does not approve of these views? Born in southern Bohemia in 1370 Preached about the immorality and worldliness of the Catholic Church Excommunicated, tried for heresy and burned at the stake

Call for Reform Christian humanists criticize the worldliness of the Catholic Church.

Martin Luther German scholar Took a stand against the sale of indulgences in 1517. Indulgence – a pardon (some people led to believe that they could buy their way into heaven).

95 Theses 1517, Luther posts 95 formal problems with the church on the door of the church in Wittenburg. Written in Academic Latin After being printed, his statements began the Reformation (a movement for religious reform).

The Post Church door was used as a bulletin board for issues to be debated.

Luther’s teachings 1) Salvation only through faith not good works 2) All Church teaching should be based on the words of the Bible and people should interpret the Bible individually (not the pope) 3) All people with faith are equal 4) Jesus is the only leader of the Church, not the pope

Excommunication Luther is excommunicated by the Pope Leo X after he refuses to take back his statements in 1520.

Luther Labeled a Heretic After refusing to recant his statements, Luther was labeled an outlaw and a heretic by the emperor. Luther hid out and translated the New Testament into German.

Edict of Worms Luther summoned to appear before Holy Roman Emperor Charles V Edict of Worms: Outlawed and condemned his writings

Lutherans By 1530 Luther and his followers became a separate religious group called Lutherans.

Civil War in Germany Holy Roman Emperor Charles V goes to war against Protestant princes in Germany Protestant – term applied to all Christians who belonged to non-Catholic churches

Peace of Augsburg German princes agree in 1555 that the religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler.

Ulrich Zwingli Reformation priest in Switzerland Radical reformer Theocracy: Government in which church and state are joined

John Calvin Born in 1509 Next to Luther=most important reformer Predestination-God knows who will be saved before people are born

Calvin Set up a theocracy in Geneva, Switzerland People are sinful so strict laws are needed

Other Reformers 1. John Knox-Presbyterian 2. Anabaptists-baptism for adults Lead to Mennonites, Amish Mennonites and Hutterites

England Becomes Protestant King Henry VIII of England was convinced that his wife, Catherine of Aragon, would not have a son He asked the pope for an annulment Pope refused

Anne Boleyn Henry fell in love with Anne Boleyn

Reformation Parliament 1529 Parliament ends Pope’s power in England. 1534 – Act of Supremacy – makes the English king, not the pope, official head of the Church of England.

Henry VIII Gets Rich Henry VIII closes all English monasteries and seizes their possessions.

Wives of Henry VIII Catherine of Aragon: had no male heir, divorced

Anne Boleyn Married in 1533 Anne Boleyn: No male heir, imprisoned, beheaded. Gave birth to Elizabeth

Jane Seymour Jane Seymour: gave birth to a male heir (Edward VI). Died from complications. Probably Henry’s favorite wife.

Anne of Cleves Anne of Cleves: ugly or hot? Helped to make an alliance with Germany, Henry said she looked like a horse and quickly divorced her.

Catherine Howard Catherine Howard: she was 19, Henry was almost 50. Cousin of Anne Boleyn. Accused of having too many lovers. Beheaded in the Tower of London.

Katherine Parr Katherine Parr: Looked after Henry in his old age and outlived him.

All Three of Edward’s Children Rule Edward VI – became king at nine, Protestants kept power. Mary – Catholic, returns English Church to the rule of the pope. (“Bloody Mary”) Elizabeth I – returns England to Protestantism.

Elizabeth’s Rule Parliament sets up national church. Church of England (Anglican Church) becomes only legal church and people are required to attend its services.

Anglican Church Provisions for both Catholics and Protestants Some English, some Latin Priests could marry Some aspects of Catholic services.