_____________ (agitation) _____________ 16.1 Solution Formation The ______________ of the solvent and the solute determine whether a substance will ______________. The factors that determine how fast a substance dissolves are: _____________ (agitation) _____________ the __________ __________of the dissolving particles

A cube of sugar in cold tea dissolves slowly. 16.1 Solution Formation A cube of sugar in cold tea dissolves slowly. Granulated sugar dissolves in cold water more quickly than a sugar cube, especially with stirring. Granulated sugar dissolves very quickly in hot tea. Stirring and heating increase the rate at which a solute dissolves. a) A cube of sugar in cold tea dissolves slowly. b) Granulated sugar dissolves in cold water more quickly than a sugar cube, especially with stirring. c) Granulated sugar dissolves very quickly in hot tea.

Stirring and Solution Formation 16.1 Solution Formation Stirring and Solution Formation Stirring speeds up the dissolving process because ___________ ______________ (the water in tea) is continually brought into _______________ with the ___________ of the solute (sugar).

Temperature and Solution Formation 16.1 Solution Formation Temperature and Solution Formation At higher ________________, the ___________ energy of water molecules is ______________ than at lower ________________, so they move __________. As a result, the solvent molecules ____________ with the ______________ of the sugar crystals more frequently and with more force.

Particle Size and Solution Formation 16.1 Solution Formation Particle Size and Solution Formation A spoonful of granulated sugar dissolves more quickly than a sugar cube because the _____________ ____________ in granulated sugar expose a much greater ___________ ____________ to the colliding water molecules.

16.1 Solubility A _______________ solution contains the ________________ amount of solute for a given quantity of ___________ at a given _____________ and _____________. An _______________ solution contains less solute than a _____________ solution at a given temperature and pressure.

16.1 Solubility In a saturated solution, the __________ of ____________ equals the _______ of ____________, so the total amount of dissolved solute remains _______________. In a saturated solution, a state of dynamic equilibrium exists between the solution and the excess solute. The rate of solvation (dissolving) equals the rate of crystallization, so the total amount of dissolved solute remains constant. Inferring What would happen if you added more solute?

16.1 Solubility The ________________ of a substance is the amount of solute that dissolves in a given quantity of a solvent at a specified temperature and pressure to produce a saturated solution. Solubility is often expressed in ____________ of _____________ per 100 g of ______________.

16.1 Solubility Some liquids combine in all proportions, while others don’t mix at all. Two liquids are ____________ if they dissolve in each other in ___ proportions. Two liquids are _______________ if they are ______________ in each other.

Oil and water are immiscible. 16.1 Solubility Oil and water are immiscible. Vinegar and oil are immiscible. Liquids that are insoluble in one another are immiscible. a) A thin film of oil spreads over a water surface. Light rays, bent by the film, create patterns of color. b) Vinegar, which is water-based, and oil are immiscible.

Factors Affecting Solubility 16.1 Factors Affecting Solubility _______________ affects the solubility of solid, liquid, and gaseous solutes in a solvent; both _____________ and ________________ affect the solubility of gaseous solutes.

Factors Affecting Solubility 16.1 Factors Affecting Solubility Temperature The solubility of most solid substances ______________ as the temperature of the solvent ________________. The solubilities of most gases are _____________ in _________ water than in ___________.

Factors Affecting Solubility 16.1 Factors Affecting Solubility The __________ deposits around ______ springs result from the cooling of the ____, ___________ solution of minerals emerging from the spring. Mineral deposits form around the edges of this hot spring because the hot water is saturated with minerals. As the water cools, some of the minerals crystallize because they are less soluble at the lower temperature.

Factors Affecting Solubility 16.1 Factors Affecting Solubility Changing the temperature usually affects the solubility of a substance. INTERPRETING GRAPHS a. Describe What happens to the solubility of KNO3 as the temperature increases? b. Identify Which substance shows a decrease in solubility as temperature increases? Which substance exhibits the least change in solubility? c. Apply Concepts Suppose you added some solid sodium chloride (NaCl) to a saturated solution of sodium chloride at 20°C and warmed the mixture to 40°C. What would happen to the added sodium chloride?

Factors Affecting Solubility 16.1 Factors Affecting Solubility A __________________ solution contains _____________ solute than it can theoretically hold at a given temperature. The crystallization of a supersaturated solution can be initiated if a very __________ ___________, called a seed crystal, of the solute is added.

Factors Affecting Solubility 16.1 Factors Affecting Solubility A supersaturated solution is clear before a seed crystal is added. Crystals begin to form in the solution immediately after the addition of a seed crystal. Excess solute crystallizes rapidly. A supersaturated solution crystallizes rapidly when disturbed. a) The solution is clear before a seed crystal is added. b) Crystals begin to form in the solution immediately after the addition of a seed crystal. c) Excess solute crystallizes rapidly. Applying Concepts When the crystallization has ceased, will the solution be saturated or unsaturated?

Factors Affecting Solubility 16.1 Factors Affecting Solubility

How much silver nitrate can dissolve in 250 mL of 500C water. If 14 How much silver nitrate can dissolve in 250 mL of 500C water? If 14.8 grams of potassium chlorate is dissolved in 200 mL of water, at what temperature is the solution a saturated solution?

Factors Affecting Solubility 16.1 Factors Affecting Solubility Pressure Changes in pressure have __________ _________ on the solubility of solids and liquids, but pressure ______________ influences the solubility of gases. Gas solubility increases as the _____________ ____________________ of the gas above the solution increases.

Factors Affecting Solubility 16.1 Factors Affecting Solubility Henry’s law states that at a given temperature, the ____________ (S) of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the ______________ (P) of the gas above the liquid. Pressure is a factor in the solubility of a gas. a) In a sealed bottle, both the pressure of CO2 above the liquid and the concentration of CO2 in the liquid are high and equal. b) When the cap is removed, the equilibrium is disturbed; the pressure of CO2 gas above the liquid decreases and carbon dioxide bubbles out of the liquid.

16.1

for Sample Problem 16.1