Informal Fallacies(Ch. 8)

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Philosophy 148 Chapter 5.
Advertisements

Fallacies for Persuasive Writing Part I Ad Hominem Appeal to Emotion Appeal to Authority Bandwagon Straw Man Slippery Slope.
Moral Reasoning   What is moral reasoning? Moral reasoning is ordinary critical reasoning or critical thinking applied to moral arguments.
Critical Thinking: Chapter 10
Reminder: there are many ways in which reasoning can go wrong; that is, there are many kinds of mistakes in argument. It is customary to reserve the term.
Chapter 6 Lecture Notes Working on Relevance. Chapter 6 Understanding Relevance: The second condition for cogency for an argument is the (R) condition.
Moral Reasoning   What is moral reasoning? Moral reasoning is ordinary critical reasoning or critical thinking applied to moral arguments.
By Ryan Davis and Nick Houska. Fallacies  Fallacies- are defects in an argument that cause an argument to be invalid, unsound or weak  Example: Hasty.
Get Notebooks! What is a fallacy?  A fallacy is an error in reason  May be accidental or intentional  In arguments or propaganda, they are often used.
Reminder: there are many ways in which reasoning can go wrong; that is, there are many kinds of mistakes in argument. It is customary to reserve the term.
Logical Fallacies. Syllogism (not a fallacy) A logical argument presented in terms of two statements and a conclusion which must be true if the two statements.
Eng 111 Dana Frierson Fall Types of Reasoning (Logic) n Deductive u Inferring particular “fact” from general assumptions u General to specific n.
CHAPTER 7 LOGICAL FALLACIES.
Arguments Minds and Machines. Arguments When people think of an argument, they usually think of a fight between two people (‘they’re having an argument’).
Common Logical Fallacies #3: Misjudging or Misusing People Arguments.
Logical Fallacies1 This line of "reasoning" is fallacious because pity does not serve as evidence for a claim Just to get a scholarship does not justify.
Fallacies As you write your rough draft, be careful to avoid fallacies in your reasoning.
INFORMAL FALLACIES The aim of this tutorial is to help you learn to recognize and resist fallacious arguments.
Let’s see some more examples!
NOTE: To change the image on this slide, select the picture and delete it. Then click the Pictures icon in the placeholder to insert your own image. INFORMAL.
Logical Fallacies.
Fallacies of Irrelevance
Definition Review Diversion and Distortion Tactics
LOGICAL FALLACIES.  What is a logical fallacy? A logical fallacy is a mistake made when arguing a claim or argument because the speaker/author has incorrectly.
Errors in Reasoning. Fallacies A Fallacy is “any error in reasoning that makes an argument fail to establish its conclusion.” There are two kinds of fallacies.
All of these children are wrong.
LOGICAL FALLACIES. Learning Outcomes Identify and describe logical fallacies and other bad arguments Identify the different types of logical fallacies.
Lecture Notes © 2008 McGraw Hill Higher Education© 2008 McGraw Hill Higher Education 1 Critical Thinking Chapter 5 Logical Fallacies I Fallacies of Relevance.
Common Logical Fallacies Flawed Arguments. Logical Fallacies… Flaws in an argument Often subtle Learning to recognize these will: – Strengthen your own.
Common Logical Fallacies FLAWED ARGUMENTS SUBTLE ERRORS IN JUDGEMENT AND CONSTRUCTION.
APPEAL TO FORCE The arguer, explicitly or implicitly, says that harm will come if you do not accept his or her conclusion. The fallacy always involves.
Ad Hominem (Personal Attack) An attempt to discredit the argument by discrediting the character of the person advancing it.
Logical Fallacies. Slippery Slope The argument that some event must inevitably follow from another without any rational claim. If we allow A to happen.
Logical Fallacies Overview Logical fallacies are instances of “broken reasoning.” Fallacies avoid the actual argument. We want to avoid fallacies, be.
I can: Identify false statements and fallacious reasoning
Fallacies of Relevance
Day 18 Research Vocab Practice—quiz Monday
Dependent Phrases and Clauses
College English Yichun Liu
What is a logical fallacy?
Relevance Premises are relevant to the conclusion when the truth of the premises provide some evidence that the conclusion is true Premises are irrelevant.
Common Logical Fallacies
Fallacies of Logic A Mr. C Production.
Logical Fallacies ENGL 101.
Logical Fallacies Unit 2.
Errors in Reasoning.
Biggest Argumentative Blunders
What is a logical fallacy?
Logical fallacies.
Common Logical Fallacies
Logical Fallacies.
Logical Fallacy Notes Comp. & Rhet. ENG 1010.
Fallacies Implicit or explicit arguments that: Ignore logic and reason
Errors in Reasoning.
Fallacies and Persuaders
Informal Logical Fallacies
Logical Fallacies Part 3.
Beginning to 3:27. Beginning to 3:27 What is a logical fallacy?
Chapter 14: Argumentation
(And when you want something from your parents!)
Making arguments without sounding like an idiot
Fallacies of Reasoning
Fallacies.
False Persuaders & Their Tactics
Common Logical Fallacies
Logical Fallacies.
Logical Fallacies Part 3 “Non-logic”.
Logical fallacies.
Concise Guide to Critical Thinking
1. Could I receive an A for this class
Presentation transcript:

Informal Fallacies(Ch. 8)

Informal Fallacies Valid arguments (modus ponens, chain argument): invalid argument Strong non-deductive arguments; weak arguments An IDEAL rational discussion/debate Person A makes an argument for x. Good response: Person B responds by evaluating the argument argument is strong/weak Its premises are true or false. Informal Fallacies committed when a debate does not go ideally

Personal Attacks 1 Chapter 8

Personal Attack Fallacies Person A makes an argument for x. Person B attacks the person instead of considering the argument Abusive Ad Hominem: person B attacks A’s character Attacking the Motive: person B attacks A’s motive for making the argument Tu Quoque: person B attacks A’s hypocrisy Genetic (Origin) Fallacy: person B attacks A as a bad source of information

Abusive Ad Hominem Respondent attacks arguer’s character Example: Donald Trump has been reported to be a cheater and a womanizer. Clearly, his economic policies are not going to help anyone. Good “Personal Attacks” : Millions of innocent people died in Stalin’s ruthless ideological purges. Clearly, Stalin was one of the most brutal dictators of the twentieth century. Becky Fibber has testified that she saw my client rob the First National Bank. But Ms. Fibber has twice been convicted of perjury. In addition, you’ve heard Ms. Fibber’s own mother testify that she is a pathological liar. Therefore, you should not believe Ms. Fibber’s testimony against my client. [Issue: is Ms. Fibber is a credible witness?]

Attacking the Motive Attacking the Motive: person B attacks A’s motive for making the argument rather than examining the argument itself Example: Don’t listen to what Julia Greenberg says about continued rent controls. No wonder she wants to end them. She owns an apartment building and stands to gain much profit if rent controls are terminated. So, her claim that rent controls should be abandoned must be rejected. Example: The Bush Administration had everything to gain from going to war with Iraq. Vice president Chaney military company stands to gain enormous profits as does Bush’s investments in oil. Clearly, their justification for going to war are wrong.

Tu Quoque: “Look who’s talking” fallacy Tu Quoque (“kwokway”): person B attacks A’s hypocrisy “You should stop smoking, because there is a higher chance of getting heart disease later in life as well as lung cancer.” says the father while smoking a cigar. Reply: You make no sense. You argue against smoking while smoking. Good criticisms of hypocrisy Jim: Our neighbor Joe gave me a hard time again yesterday about washing our car during this drought emergency. Patty: Well, he’s right. But I wish that hypocrite would live up to his own advice. Just last week I saw him watering his lawn in the middle of the afternoon.

Genetic Fallacy Genetic Fallacy: source of a claim or argument is judged to be defective, and so, any argument that comes from that sources should be rejected. John, gives an argument that abortion is morally wrong. Person B (respondent) objects that the argument came from a man. Assumption: John cannot have children or be in a position to choose to have an abortion, so he is not a good source on this issue (no matter what argument he actually gave). So, we should reject his argument.

Appeals to Authority 2 Chapter 8

Good Appeals to Authority Expert Witness expert witness at trial Expert in a Field meteorologist about weather Scientist on established scientific opinions Issue: what about scientific issues that are not settled yet?

Fallacies by Appeal to Authority Appeal to the One Appeal to the Many Appeal to the Few (Elite) Appeal to Tradition/Custom

Diversionary Tactics 3 Chapter 8

Straw Man Fallacy Straw-Man Fallacy: an arguer distorts an opponent’s argument or claim to make it easier to attack. Senator Biddle has argued that we should outlaw violent pornography. Obviously, the senator favors complete governmental censorship of books, magazines, and films. Frankly, I’m shocked that such a view should be expressed on the floor of the U.S. Senate. It runs counter to everything this great nation stands for. No senator should listen seriously to such a proposal.

Red Herring Fallacy The red herring fallacy is committed when an arguer tries to sidetrack his audience by raising an irrelevant issue and then claims that the original issue has effectively been settled by the irrelevant diversion. Many people criticize Thomas Jefferson for being an owner of slaves. But Jefferson was one of our greatest presidents, and his Declaration of Independence is one of the most eloquent pleas for freedom and democracy ever written. Clearly, these criticisms are unwarranted.

Straw Man vs. Red-Herring Fallacy The straw man fallacy always involves misrepresenting another person’s argument or claim; the red herring fallacy often does not. Straw man but not Red herring fallacy: I overheard my friend Hal say that democracy isn’t always the best form of government. Funny, I never figured Hal for a communist. Red herring but not Straw man fallacy: Jessica Wu has argued that immediate steps should be taken to reduce global warming. The most serious environmental problem, however, isn’t global warming—it’s overpopulation. Unless something is done to reduce population growth in the third world, mass starvation and irreversible environmental damage will result. Frankly, I think Jessica’s view is ridiculous.

Emotional Appeals 4 Chapter 8

Fallacies by Appeal to Pity Examples: The missed homework assignment because of a rough hangover. Good Appeals to Pity: Mother to daughter: Nana was asking about you the other day. She’s so lonely and depressed since Grandpa passed away, and her Alzheimer’s seems to get worse every day. She’s done so much for you over the years. Don’t you think you should pay her a visit?

Scare Tactics Trump: “There is a great hatred toward Americans by large segments of the Muslim population. Its going to get worse and worse. You’re gonna have more World Trade Centers.” Mount Pleasant, South Carolina, 12.7.15

THE END 4 Chapter 8