Do Now: Grab today’s Agenda (6:4) and turn in your homework (Italian Unification). Then answer the Do Now question. (There is no Nearpod today.)

How can Nationalism lead to war? Do Now: How can Nationalism lead to war?

Objective: Unification of Italy and Germany SOL WHII.8c and d TSWDK of political and philosophical developments in Europe during the 19th century by explaining events related to the unification of Italy and the role of Italian nationalists, and by explaining events related to the unification of Germany and the role of Bismarck.

Unification of Italy and Germany Previous Attempts at Unifying Italy Unifying Italy Previous Attempts at Unifying Germany Unifying Germany

Previous Attempts to Unifying Italy Thanks to Napoleon Napoleon had performed a great, though unwitting, service for Italian nationalists through his direct governing in the area. Under Napoleon, Italians had experienced more liberty and better government than ever before. The return by the Congress of Vienna to the old system was a return to high taxes, corruption, favoritism, and banditry. Earlier Revolutions There were revolutionary movements in Italy as early as 1820 in an attempt to unify the Italian people. They were unsuccessful. The revolutions in the rest of Europe in 1848 gave fuel to the fire of independence in Italy. But, like the other revolutions in 1848, the Italian movement was unsuccessful.

Unifying Italy Northern Italy The monarch of Sardinia (northern Italy) during the mid-19th century was Victor Emmanuel II, who had granted the people a liberal constitution, affirming to the people rights and opportunities similar to what had been granted by Napoleon.

Unifying Italy Northern Italy The monarch of Sardinia (northern Italy) during the mid-19th century was Victor Emmanuel II, who had granted the people a liberal constitution, affirming to the people rights and opportunities similar to what had been granted by Napoleon. Victor Emmanuel II’s prime minister was Count Cavour, a liberal influenced by what he has seen in other parts of Europe. He was therefore inspired to unite the peninsula.

Unifying Italy Northern Italy The monarch of Sardinia (northern Italy) during the mid-19th century was Victor Emmanuel II, who had granted the people a liberal constitution, affirming to the people rights and opportunities similar to what had been granted by Napoleon. Victor Emmanuel II’s prime minister was Count Cavour, a liberal influenced by what he has seen in other parts of Europe. He was therefore inspired to unite the peninsula. Some of the Italian states were under Austrian domination so Cavour worked to change that. After much fighting with many European nations, Cavour was able to unite the Italian states in the north by 1859

Unifying Italy Southern Italy Giuseppe Garibaldi became the next major figure in the unification struggle. By 1861, he was successful in unifying northern and southern Italy. The only piece missing in Italian unification was the Papal States (including Rome). They did not join until 1871.

Previous Attempts to Unifying Germany Thanks to Napoleon The German states in northern Germany had been ruled by various princes since the fall of the Roman Empire. Southern Germany, also known as the Holy Roman Empire, was ruled by the Hapsburgs until Napoleon kicked them off their throne. They were the only royal family to not return. The Congress of Vienna left southern Germany has another grouping of German states. Revolutions of 1848 The recent revolutions in France spread throughout central Europe and into Germany. Public assemblies gathered throughout Germany demanding unification. Prussian King Frederick William IV worked to make concessions with the liberals rather than unleash further violence and bloodshed. There were some revolts but unification was not achieved.

Unifying Germany A Constitutional Crisis Prussian King Wilhelm I wanted to strengthen his army but his parliament would not vote the necessary funds. The liberals asserted the people had a constitutional right to approve taxes. The king felt he had a constitutional right to build up his forces.

Unifying Germany A Constitutional Crisis Prussian King Wilhelm I wanted to strengthen his army but his parliament would not vote the necessary funds. The liberals asserted the people had a constitutional right to approve taxes. The king felt he had a constitutional right to build up his forces. In order to help deal with the situation, King Wilhelm I called Otto von Bismarck home from his post as Prussian ambassador to France and made him Prime Minister. Bismarck advised the king to ignore the legislature and collect the needed taxes. Bismarck knew the necessity of armed strength in order to gain Prussia’s diplomatic goals.

Unifying Germany Bismarck Bismarck’s entry on the scene strengthened not only the king but also the hopes of all who wanted a united German state. Unification appealed to virtually all segments of German society, from the liberals to the conservatives. The prime minister was a master of the art of Realpolitik, which is politics or diplomacy based on power and what needs to get done, rather than any ideological notions, moral or ethical. Bismarck was a master politician who knew what had to get done and how to get it done – which was by force. In achieving and holding power, Bismarck: Instituted only one faith, Protestantism. He introduced anti- Catholic policies. Enforced rule of law, which means that the law was equally applied to everyone. Established one ruler, the Tsar (who was advised by the Prime Minister)

Unifying Germany Wars to Unite Bismarck led Prussia in the unification of Germany through war and by appealing to nationalistic feelings. Nothing unites a people like a common enemy! Danish and Austrian Wars In 1864, Bismarck invited Austria to join Prussia and wage war on Denmark. The cause of the conflict was a dispute regarding two German states that bordered Prussia and Denmark. Both sides claimed the states. The two Germanic powers overwhelmed the modest Danish forces. Prussia and Austria each took control of a German state. Bismarck then turned its back on Austria by claiming that Austria was mistreating the Germans within their borders. War began and Bismarck convinced the northern German states to ally with Prussia in order to fight off the Austrians. Bismarck’s coalition won and left the southern German states to the Austrians, while unifying and then annexing the northern German states to form the North German Confederation.

Unifying Germany Wars to Unite Franco-Prussian War The Second Reich In 1870, Bismarck provoked France into declaring war. Bismarck allied with the southern German states to fight off their common enemy, France. The two countries’ forces appeared to be evenly matched in equipment, but the Germans had a better-trained and more experienced army. After two months of intense fighting, the Prussians defeated the French army. The Second Reich The unity of the southern German states with the North German Confederation proved to be very successful, not only within the war, but with the economy and politics. Prussia’s success in the war drew the enthusiastic support needed for final unification. In 1871, Bismarck annexed the southern German states to create the Second Reich (the first Reich was under the Holy Roman Empire) with Wilhelm I as Emperor – Kaiser William I.

Conclusion The rise of nationalism was a powerful force behind European politics during the 19th century. Widespread demands for political rights led to revolutions in 1848. Unsuccessful revolutions increased nationalistic tensions. Italy, which had been a collection of states, finally unified under the banner of nationalism in 1861. Germany finally unified under the banner of nationalism in 1871,