Calcium spirulan derived from Spirulina platensis inhibits herpes simplex virus 1 attachment to human keratinocytes and protects against herpes labialis

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Calcium spirulan derived from Spirulina platensis inhibits herpes simplex virus 1 attachment to human keratinocytes and protects against herpes labialis

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Presentation transcript:

Calcium spirulan derived from Spirulina platensis inhibits herpes simplex virus 1 attachment to human keratinocytes and protects against herpes labialis Julia Mader, MEd, Antonio Gallo, PhD, Tim Schommartz, MSc, Wiebke Handke, PhD, Claus-Henning Nagel, PhD, Patrick Günther, RPh, Wolfram Brune, MD, Kristian Reich, MD, PhD Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Volume 137, Issue 1, Pages 197-203.e3 (January 2016) DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.07.027 Copyright © 2015 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig 1 HSV-1 antiviral activity of Ca-SP and SPME compared with ACV. A, PRA (left panels) and quantitative real-time PCR analysis (right panels) in Vero cells show dose-dependent inhibitory effects of Ca-SP comparable with those of ACV. Plaque-forming units per well or viral DNA copy numbers are compared with those of untreated infected control cultures (100%). B, PRA in human keratinocytes (HaCaT cells) revealing a strong inhibitory potential of Ca-SP and ACV and a moderate effect of SPME. In the lower right panel SPME was added to Ca-SP at a ratio of 1:1.5. Each data point represents 3 independent experiments performed in triplicate. Error bars indicating SDs are smaller than the symbols. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2016 137, 197-203.e3DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2015.07.027) Copyright © 2015 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig 2 Mechanism of HSV-1 inhibition by Ca-SP in human keratinocytes. A, Time-of-addition assay shows that Ca-SP, SPME, and heparin, but not ACV, mainly inhibit plaque formation (plaque reduction [as a percentage] compared with infected untreated HaCaT cells) when added before or during infection. B and C, Preadsorption (Fig 2, B) and postadsorption (Fig 2, C) assays indicating inhibition of HSV-1 infection by Ca-SP and heparin when added before but not after viral attachment in contrast to ACV (for details, see the text). D, Immunofluorescence detection of the viral tegument protein VP16 (green) in infected (D1) but not uninfected (D2) HaCaT cells. High concentrations of Ca-SP (D3) and heparin (D4), but not ACV (D5), inhibit VP16 uptake are shown. Nuclei were counterstained with Draq5 (blue). D6 shows staining without primary antibody. E, Dose-response analysis of VP16 uptake by using flow cytometry (mean fluorescence intensity of untreated HSV-1–infected cells set at 100%). Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2016 137, 197-203.e3DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2015.07.027) Copyright © 2015 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig 3 Antiviral activity of Ca-SP against KSHV/HHV-8. A, Reduction of viral infectivity (virus titer based on the median TCID50) in susceptible human RPE-1 cells showing dose-dependent inhibition of KSHV/HHV-8 by Ca-SP and foscarnet compared with that seen in untreated infected control cultures. B, Inhibition of KSHV/HHV-8 by Ca-SP determined through TCID50 and expressed as relative viral titer (upper panels) or viral DNA copies (by means of real-time quantitative PCR, lower panels) compared with untreated infected control cultures, confirming strong anti-HHV-8 activity of Ca-SP. C, Dose-response analysis of ORF45 uptake by using flow cytometry (mean fluorescence intensity of untreated KSHV/HHV-8–infected cells set at 100%) showing inhibition of viral entry by Ca-SP. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2016 137, 197-203.e3DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2015.07.027) Copyright © 2015 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig 4 Clinical evaluation of herpes labialis reactivation in susceptible subjects undergoing PMU. A, Percentage of subjects with reactivation of herpes labialis after PMU treatment despite prophylactic treatment with a cream containing Ca-SP and SPME compared with topical and systemic antiviral prophylaxis in the overall study population (solid bars) and subgroups matched for the frequency of herpes infections in the last 5 years before PMU (hatched bars). B and C, Crust formation (Fig 4, B) and occurrence of dry lips (Fig 4, C) during the course of PMU-induced herpes labialis in the different treatment groups. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2016 137, 197-203.e3DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2015.07.027) Copyright © 2015 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig E1 Cell viability test of inhibitory compounds and solvents. A-C, Cell viability (in percentages of untreated control cultures) of Vero cells (Fig E1, A), HaCaT cells (Fig E1, B), and RPE-1 cells (Fig E1, C), as measured by using the MTS assay 48 hours after treatment with inhibitory substances (Ca-SP, SPME, combination of Ca-SP and SPME, ACV, and foscarnet) and solvents (H2O, ethanol, and dimethyl sulfoxide [DMSO]). D, Results for the highest concentrations used in the experiments described in this article. Staurosporine solved in DMSO served as a positive control. Data represent mean values of 3 independent experiments, each performed in triplicate. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2016 137, 197-203.e3DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2015.07.027) Copyright © 2015 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions