Martin I. Radwin, MD, Colin K

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Normal oxygenation and ventilation during snow burial by the exclusion of exhaled carbon dioxide Martin I. Radwin, MD, Colin K. Grissom, MD, Mary Beth Scholand, MD, Chris H. Harmston, MSE Wilderness & Environmental Medicine Volume 12, Issue 4, Pages 256-262 (December 2001) DOI: 10.1580/1080-6032(2001)012[0256:NOAVDS]2.0.CO;2 Copyright © 2001 Wilderness Medical Society Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 The experimental device utilized to exclude exhaled CO2 from the surrounding snowpack while inhaling directly from the snow. The subject breathes in and out through the mouthpiece while capnometers (A, B) record Pico2, ETco2, and respiratory rate. Inhaled air enters through the mesh-protected orifice (E) where an emergency oxygen line is attached to the system (C). A series of 1-way valves (D) diverts exhaled air through a separate circuit out of the snowpack via an extended tube (F). The subject and device are tightly buried in place without an air pocket. In contrast, the control device lacked D and F, with the subjects breathing into a 500-cm3 air pocket surrounding E. Wilderness & Environmental Medicine 2001 12, 256-262DOI: (10.1580/1080-6032(2001)012[0256:NOAVDS]2.0.CO;2) Copyright © 2001 Wilderness Medical Society Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 The compacted snow mound with a subject in sitting position partially extricated after completed burial. Wilderness & Environmental Medicine 2001 12, 256-262DOI: (10.1580/1080-6032(2001)012[0256:NOAVDS]2.0.CO;2) Copyright © 2001 Wilderness Medical Society Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Mean values and ranges for Spo2 versus burial time. Mean values and ranges are shown for oxygen saturation (Spo2) at baseline with subjects breathing ambient air, during device burials (CO2 exclusion), and during control burials. Some ranges toward the end of the control burial are missing because of subject dropout (burial times of 4–19minutes, mean 10minutes). Wilderness & Environmental Medicine 2001 12, 256-262DOI: (10.1580/1080-6032(2001)012[0256:NOAVDS]2.0.CO;2) Copyright © 2001 Wilderness Medical Society Terms and Conditions