MYOLOGY2 Department of anatomy Luzhou medical college

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Presentation transcript:

MYOLOGY2 Department of anatomy Luzhou medical college Made by professor Xiao

The muscles of lower limb The muscles of lower limb are divisible according to their locations into the muscles of hip, the muscles of thigh, the muscles of leg and the muscles of foot. Ⅰ. The muscles of hip They arise chiefly from the outer and inner surfaces of the pelvis,cross the hip joint and are inserted into the proximal end of femur. Based on their locations and functions they can be divided into two groups.

Ⅰ). Anterior group 1. The iliopsoas It is composed of two muscles. The psoas major is a long, thick, fusiform one that lies lateral to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. It arises from the transverse process, vertebral bodies and associated intervertebral disc of L1to L5vertebrae. The muscle descends laterally along the brim of the pelvis and enters the thigh by passing posterior to the inguinal ligament, and in inserted into the lesser trochanter of femur. The iliacus is a fan-shaped one which lies along the lateral side of the psoas major. It arises from the iliac fossa. Most of its fibers attach to the side of the psoas major tendon.

The psoas major is enclosed by a fascial sheath The psoas major is enclosed by a fascial sheath. The pus of the tuberculosis of the lumbar vertebrae may drain along this sheath into the iliac fossa or the root of thigh. Actions It is the most powerful flexor of the thigh. If the lower limb is fixed, it bends the vertebral column forward and flexes the lumbar region laterally. It also can rotate the thigh laterally.

2. The tensor fasciae latae It lies on the lateroanterior side of the thigh, arises from the anterior superior iliac soine and is enclosed within the fascia lata. Its fibers attached to the iliotibial tract which is inserted into the lateral condyle of the tibia. Actions Flexes the hip joint. Helps to keep the knee extending in erect posture and steadies the trunk on the thigh.

Ⅱ). The posterior group 1. The gluteus maximus Actions It lies chiefly in the gluteal region, so that they are also called the gluteus muscles. 1. The gluteus maximus It is a large, thick, quadrilateral subicutaneous pad over the ischial tuberosity when the thigh is extensed. It arises from the dorsal portion of the iliac ala, the dorsal surfaces of the sacrum and the coccyx, and sacrotuberous ligament. Its fibers run downward and laterally to insert into the iliotibial tract and the gluteal tuberosity of the femur. Actions It is a powerful extensor of the thigh, the most powerful lateral rotator, and an important postural muscle.

Ⅱ). The posterior group 2. The gluteus medius and gluteus minimus The gluteus medius is a thick, broad, fan-shaped muscle. Most of which lies superior to the gluteal maximusand is covered by the fascia lata.the lower one third of the musclelies deep to the gluteus maximus. The gluteus mimimus lies immediately beneath the gluteus medius. The two muscles arise from the eaternal surface of the iliac ala. Their fibers get togather in a short tendon to insert into the greater trochanter of femur. Actions Abductor and rotate the.

The piriformis It lies deep to the gluteus medius. It arises from the front surface of the sacrum, passes out of the pelvis through the greater sciatic foramen, and is inserted by a rounded tendon into the upper border of the greater trochanter. Action: laterally rotates the thigh.

Ⅱ. The muscles of thigh They are divided into three groups The anterior-extersor The medial-adductor The posterior-flexor groups are separated by the medial, lateral and posterior intermuscular septa

Ⅱ. The muscles of thigh (Ⅰ)The anterior group Two muscles The sartorius The quadriceps femoris

Sartorius Arises from Anterior superior iliac spine Inserts into Medial surface of the of the upper part of the shaft of tibia Actions Flexes the hip and knee joints and medially rotates the flexed knee

Quadriceps femoris Rectus femoris Arises from anterior superior iliac spine Vastus medialis Linea aspera Vastus lateralis Vastus intermedius Anterior surface of femur Insert into Anterior surface and two sides of the patella. Actions Flexes the hip and extersor of the leg.

Ⅱ. The muscles of thigh (Ⅱ)The madial group Five muscles The pectinus The adductor longus The adductor brevis The gracilis The adductor magnus

The pectinus The adductor longus The adductor brevis It is a short, flat, quadrangular muscle, lies at the root of the thigh medial to the iliopsoas muscle The adductor longus It is triangular flat muscle lying inferomedially to the pectinus The adductor brevis It is somewhat triangular muscle, and is posterior to pectinus and adductor longus.

The gracilis The adductor magnus It is a long strap-likemuscle, It lies along the medial side of the thigh and the knee, and is the only one the this group to cross the knee joint. The adductor magnus It is the largest of the adductors. This triangular muscle is covered by the preceding muscle.

Origin The muscles of this group arise from the surface of the bones surrounding the obturator foramen. Insert into Most of them are inserted into the linea aspera with the exception of the gracilis which is inserted into the medial surface of the upper end of shaft of the tibia. The adductor magnus is inserted into the

The adductor magnus Actions is inserted into the adductor tubercle above the medial epicondyle of bone femur,called the adductor tendinous opening which allows the femoral vessels passing through it into the popliteal Actions Adduct, flex and laterally rotate the thigh.

Ⅱ. The the muscles of thigh (Ⅲ) The posterior group Three muscles The biceps femoris The semitendinosus The semimenbranosus

The biceps femoris Linea aspera Head of fibula

The semitendinosus Arises from Ischial tuberosity Inserted into Medial surface of the upper part of the tibia

The semimenbranosus Actions Arises from Ischial tuberosity Inserted into Posteromedial aspect of the medial condyle of tibia Actions They are the main extensors of thigh and flexors of the leg. When the knee joint is flexed , they also can rotate the leg.

Ⅱ. The muscles of leg They are divided into three groups The anterior group (The tibilis anterior, extensor digitorum longus and extensor hallucis longus) The lateral group (peroneus longus and peroneus brevis) The posterior group ①The superficial layer The gastrocnemius and the soleus ②The deep layer The tibilis posterior, flexordigitorum longus and flexor hallucis longus

Anterior group Tibialis anterior It is located in the front of the tibia, fibula and the interosseous membrane. The muscles of this goup are mainly concered with dorsiflexion of the ankle joint and extension of the toes. Tibialis anterior Arises from the lateral surface of the tibia. Its tendon passes in front of the ankle joint to the medial border of foot, and is inserted into the medial cuneiform bone and the plantar surface of the base of first metatarsal bone.

Anterior group Extensor digitorum longus Arises from the anterior surface of the fibula. Its tendon passes to dorsal surface of the foot and divides into four tendons. Each tendon forms a membranous extensor expansion over the dorsum of the proximal phlanx of the 2nd to 5th toes.

Anterior group Extensor hallucis longus Actions It lies between above two muscles. It arises from the medial surface of the fibula and interosseous membrane. Its tendon passes to dorsal surface of the foot and is inserted into the dorsal surface of the base of the distal phlanx of the big toe. Actions Dorsiflex the ankle joint. In adition, the tibialis anterior can invert the foot(the sole of the foot faces medially), the extensor hallucis longus extends the big toe, and the extensor digitorum longus extends the other toes.

Lateral group The peroneus longus The peroneus brevis It lies on the laterla side of the fibula and consists of two muscles. The peroneus longus It arises from the upper part of the laterla surface of the shaft of fibula. Its tendon can easily be felt and usually observed proximal and posterior to the lateral malleolus. The peroneus brevis It lies deep to the peroneus longus. It arises from the shaft of fibula below its partner.

The tendons of these two peroneus muscles pass behind the lateral malleolus and separate from each otheron the laterla side of the calcaneus bone. The tendon of peroneus brevis is inserted into the tuberosity of the 5th metatarsal bone. The tendon of the peroneus longus crosses the sole of the foot obliquely to insert into the plantar surface of the base of the first metatarsal bone and the medial cuneiform bone.

Actions Acting together, they plantar-flex and invert the ankle joint. The peroneus longus with the tibialis anterior helps to maintain the tranverse and laterla longitudinal arches of the foot.

Posterior group Superficial layer Deep layer They are concerned with plantar-flexion of the ankle joint and flexion of the toes, and divided into two layers. Superficial layer Gastrocnemius Soleus Plantaris Deep layer Flexor Digitorum longus Tibialis posterior Flexor hallucis longus

Posterior group Superficial layer Gastrocnemius It is the most superficial one. It has two heads of origin which arise from the medial and lateral condyles of the femur and tibia respectively. The two heads unite together at the inferior margin of the popliteal fossa. At the level of the middle of the leg, muscle becomes the stout tendo calcaneus.

Posterior group The soleus The tendo calcanneus It lies immediately deep to the gastrocnemius. It arises from the upper part of the posterior surfaces of the tibia and fibula. Inferiorly, its muscle fibers become a tendon that joints to the tendo calcaneus. The tendo calcanneus (Tendo Achilles) It is a common tendon of the gastrocnemius and soleus. It is the thickest and strongest tendon in the body. It is inserted into the lower part of the posterior surface of the calcaneus bone.

Posterior group The tendo calcanneus Actions (Tendo Achilles) Plantar-flex the ankle joint (in walking and dancing) Standies leg on foot during standing. The gastrocnemius also can flex the knee joint.

Posterior group The flexor digitorum longus The tibialis posterior The deep layer It consists of three muscles which lie deep to the triceps surae. Their tendons pass behind the medial malleollus. The flexor digitorum longus The tibialis posterior Flexor hallucis longus

Posterior group The flexor digitorum longus The deep layer The flexor digitorum longus It lies medially and is closely attached to the tibia. Its tendon runs inferiorly and passes behind the medial malleolus. In the middle of the sole it divides into four tendons to insert into the base of the distal phalanges of the lateral four toes.

Posterior group The deep layer The tibialis posterior It lies laterally to the flexor digitorum longus. It arises from the tibia, fibula and posterior surface of the interosseous membrane. Its tendon passes behind the medial side of the sole. It is inserted into the navicular, intermediate and lateral cuneiforms, and the bases of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th metartarsals.

Posterior group The flexor hallucis longus The deep layer The flexor hallucis longus It is the largest of the thee deep muscles. It lies laterally to the tibialis posterior and arieses from the posterior surface of the fibula. Its tendon passes behind the medial malleolus, then crosses deep to the tendon of the flexor digitorum longus in the sole of the foot. Finally, it is inserted into the base of the diatal phalanx of the big toe. Actions: plantar-flexex the ankle joint and flexex the big toe at all joints.

The muscles of the foot They are the extensor digitorum brevis and the extensor hallucis brevis on the dorsum. The muscles of the sole can be divided like the hand into medial, lateral and intermediate three groups. Actions The muscles of the sole of the foot are individually of little important, but collectively they are significant in posture and locomotion, and they strongly support the arches of the foot during movement.