Chapter 50 Assessment of Immune Function

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Chapter 50 Assessment of Immune Function

The Immune System Immunity: the body’s specific protective response to invading foreign agent or organism Immunopathology: the study of diseases that result from dysfunction of the immune system Immune disorders: see Table 50-1 Automimmunity Hypersensitivty Gammopathies Immune deficiencies: primary and secondary

Central and Peripheral Lymphoid Organs

Development of Cells of the Immune System

Lymphocytes B lymphocytes mature in the bone marrow; T lymphocytes mature in the thymus where they also differentiate into cells with various functions

Immune Function Natural immunity: nonspecific response to any foreign invader White blood cell action: release cell mediators such as histamine, bradykinin, and prostaglandins, and engulf (phagocytize) foreign substances Inflammatory response Physical barriers, such as intact skin, chemical barriers, and acidic gastric secretions or enzymes in tears and saliva Acquired immunity: specific against a foreign antigen Result of prior exposure to an antigen Active or passive

Stages of Immune Response

Defenses Phagocytic immune response Humoral or antibody response Cellular immune response

Role of Antibodies Agglutination of antigens Opsonization Promote release of vasoactive substances; activation of complement system and phagocytosis Act in concert with other components of the immune system Types of immunoglobulins: IgA, IgD, IgE,IgG, and IgM

Antibody Molecule

Antigen–Antibody Binding

Cellular Immune Response B lymphocytes: humoral immunity Produce antibodies or immunoglobulins T lymphocytes: cellular immunity Attack invaders directly, secrete cytokines, and stimulate immune system responses Helper T cells Cytotoxic T cells Memory cells Suppressor T cells (suppress immune response)

Non-T and Non-B Lymphocytes Involved in Immune Response Null cells Destroy antigen coated with antibody Natural killer cells Defend against microorganisms and some malignant cells

Complement-Mediated Immune Responses

Variables That Affect Immune System Function Age and gender Nutrition Presence of conditions and disorders: cancer/neoplasm, chronic illness, autoimmune disorders, surgery/trauma Allergies History of infection and immunization Genetic factors Lifestyle Medications and transfusions: see Table 50-6 Pyschoneuroimmunologic factors

Tests to Evaluate Immune Function WBC count and differential Bone marrow biopsy Humoral and cellular immunity tests Phagocytic cell function test Complement component tests Hypersensitivty tests Specific antigen–antibody tests HIV infection tests See Chart 50-3

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