7-6: Intellectual and Cultural Movements

Learning Objectives CUL 1.0 Explain how religious groups and ideas have affected American society and political life. CUL 2.0 Explain how artistic, philosophical, and scientific ideas have developed and shaped society and institutions. CUL 3.0 Explain how ideas about women’s rights and gender roles have affected society and politics. NAT 2.0 Explain how interpretations of the Constitution and debates over rights, liberties, and definitions of citizenship have affected American values, politics, and society. POL 1.0 Explain how and why political ideas, beliefs, institutions, party systems, and alignments have developed and changed. POL 2.0 Explain how popular movements, reform efforts, and activist groups have sought to change American society and institutions.

Key Concept The Gilded Age produced new cultural and intellectual movements, public reform efforts, and political debates over economic and social policies.

Education Public Education Colleges and Universities Expansion to secondary level English instruction Adult education Colleges and Universities Modernized Graduate school—research Teaching colleges Women’s colleges

Feminism Cause Focus Women outside the home Voting rights College Working Voluntary organizations Settlement houses Focus Voting rights Susan B. Anthony Sojourner Truth “And Ain’t I a Woman?” Urban reforms

Implications of Economic Problems Social Sciences Implications of Economic Problems Looking at government regulation Examining central planning Lester Frank Ward Dynamic Sociology Intelligent planning Decision making instead of genetic determinism (Social Darwinism)

Realism Overview Literature Art Decline of Romanticism Exploration of social problems and conflicts Literature Edward Bellamy Looking Backward: 2000 to 1887 Disillusionment with industrialization and capitalism Art Ashcan School of Art Scenes of urban tenements

Pragmatism William James No ultimate truth All beliefs should be tested by experience Examine practical consequences instead of intentions or theories

Mass Culture Emerging Middle Class Leisure Publishing and Journalism Increased access to education Clerical office work Leisure Vaudeville Circus—Barnum & Bailey Wild West shows Sports Baseball, boxing, basketball, college football Edison—kinetoscope Publishing and Journalism Linotype machine Joseph Pulitzer Reached a mass audience