Frequently Abused Drugs

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Presentation transcript:

Frequently Abused Drugs

Types of Drugs Hallucinogens Stimulants Narcotics Depressants

Hallucinogens Most naturally occurring substances that can change normal thought processes, perceptions, and moods Examples: Marijuana LSD (Lysergic Acid Diethylamide) (“acid”) PCP (phencyclidine) MDMA (methylenedioxymethamphetamine) (“ecstasy”) Ketamine (“Special K”)

Stimulants Act on the central nervous system to make the user feel better and increase his or her energy alertness while suppressing appetite and fatigue. Range from mild to strong Examples: Caffeine – not a controlled substance Amphetamines Methamphetamines Cocaine Nicotine – not a controlled substance

Narcotics Narcotics are analgesics, meaning they affect the central nervous system to relieve pain Mild forms of analgesics are found in over-the-counter drugs such as aspirin, Tylenol, and Motrin. Examples: Opium Heroin Codeine Methadone Propoxyphene (Darvon) Oxycodon (Percocet) Fentanyl

Depressants Reduces excitability and calms a person Examples: Ethyl alcohol – not a controlled substance Barbiturates Phenobarbital Meprobamate (Miltown) Methaqualone (Quaaludes) Benzodiazepines (Librium and Valium)

Testing the Unknown Spot (Color) Tests - Presumptive Chromatography - Confirmatory Infrared Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry - Confirmatory

Spot (Color) Tests A chemical reaction that occurs when a particular substance is added to an unknown Color reactions are an easy and quick method to detect certain substances Spot tests are often called presumptive tests because they may return a false positive  further tests must be run to determine what is actually present (chromatography or infrared spectroscopy)

Spot (Color) Tests Duquenois-Levine for Marijuana (blue-violet is positive) Erlich/Van Urk for LSD (blue-violet is positive) Marquis for amphetamines and heroin (red-orange to brown is positive for amphetamines and purple is positive for heroin) Cobalt Thiocyanate for cocaine (blue flaky precipitate is positive) Dille-Koppanyi for barbiturates (violet is positive)

Color Test for Cocaine

Chromatography Separate the components of a mixture Several types of chromatography Gas Chromatography Liquid Chromatography High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Paper Chromatography Thin-Layer Chromatography With all types of chromatography, particles are separated by size & shape due to capillary action

Spectroscopy/Spectrometry In both tests, molecules become excited The results of these tests are unique for each chemical compound, therefore a catalog has been created to which an unknown sample can be compared

IR Spectroscopy of Cocaine

Gas Chromatography & Mass Spectrometry