The Unification of Germany

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Unification of Germany
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The Unification of Germany

Prussia Defeated by Napoleon in 1806 France dominated the Prussians, although they were able to get around the impositions Created a large, well trained army of reserve soldiers; helped to defeat the French in 1813 and 1815 (Waterloo) 1 of 4 great powers at the Congress of Vienna in 1815

Congress of Vienna - 1815 Created German Confederation, including Prussia (strongest in the Confederation); Austria remained in a position of influence over southern German states Granted important territories to Prussia German Confederation increased feelings of German nationalism that had begun while under French rule

The Zollverein Customs union established in 1834 abolishing tariffs within the Confederation Led by the Junkers-a group of aristocratic landowners beginning in Prussia Zollverein allowed prices to remain lower and more uniform, members adopted uniform systems of weights, measures, and currency Industrialization spread due to the free market Therefor, 1st major step to German unification happened in the economy

Political Unification Following uprisings in France, liberals called for reforms in the Confederation National Assembly elected to try to unify Germany Drafted a constitution-kept monarchy Limited monarch’s power with an elected legislature

Prussian Buildup William I becomes King of Prussia in 1861 Appointed Otto von Bismarck head of cabinet Conservative Junker politician Built Prussian army Opposed democracy and a legislature/parliament When the parliament opposed Bismarck, he ignored them Believed it was Prussia’s destiny to lead German unification, and to do it through war

Bismarck Goals to increase Prussia’s size and power Drive Austria from a position of leadership within the German Confederation Remove any Austrian influence in the southern German states Decided war was the only way to achieve this; led to three wars

Danish War Fought over the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein, ruled by Denmark Denmark tries to annex Schleswig Austria and Prussia protest, Denmark refuses Austria and Prussia declare war 1864 Denmark surrenders, Prussia controls Schleswig (made up of Germans and Danes), Austria controls Holstein (made up entirely of Germans)

Seven Weeks War Fought over ongoing dispute with Austria over Schleswig and Holstein Austria into declares war in 1866 Prussia uses technology to quickly defeat the Austrians Trains, telegraph, modern weaponry Treaty of Prague Prussia gains Holstein Dissolves German Confederation; northern states join with Prussia to form North German Confederation King of Prussia is president (each state self-governs)

Franco-Prussian War Unification needed southern German states to join new confederation 1870 telegram incident angers French; they declare war on Prussia War took less than a year, France lost important territories Prior to peace treaty being signed, all allied German states met in Versailles

Hall of Mirrors/Palace of Versailles January 1871 all German states (except Austria) declare Germany to be an empire King William I named Emperor, “Kaiser” Bismarck named chancellor (chief minister); nicknamed “Iron Chancellor”

German Empire Constitution calls for 25 states in federal gov’t Federal gov’t responsible for foreign affairs, nat’l defense, and economic issues States responsible for all else Legislature Bundesrat, upper house, appointed Reichstag, legislative assembly, elected, limited power Gov’t favored Prussia (Kaiser, appt in B, most pop in R)

Vocabulary/Identification Junkers Zollverein Nationalism Treaty of Prague Franco-Prussian War Danish War King/Kaiser William I Seven Weeks War Kaiser Bundesrat Reichstag Universal Male Suffrage Otto von Bismarck Congress of Vienna

Problems with the Empire Constitution gave people little voice; groups not satisfied formed political parties (especially Centre Party and socialist parties) opposing Bismarck’s policies Increased tensions between the Prussian areas and the other parts of the Empire Bismarck’s distrust of Catholics (he is Protestant)

Kulturkampf (“culture struggle”) Bismarck’s anti-Catholic program Expelled Jesuits Forbade pulpit politics Catholic clergy must be educated in German schools Broke diplomatic relations with Vatican Confiscated church property

Kulturkampf Centre Party doubled in size Many non-Catholic liberals join Socialist parties also growing in strength By 1878 Bismarck needed Centre Party support against socialists Reestablished ties with Vatican Laws against Catholics eased or repealed Kulturkampf ends in 1887 (seen as failure)

Industrialization Rich supply natural resources (water, coal, iron) Excellent transportation (RR, canals, rivers) Started after GB and US, able use best methods and already invented machinery Government intervention Standardized banking and currency Postal service Price controls, cartels Protectionist tariffs

Socialism As industrialization rapidly expanded, calls for reforms and regulations 1869 Social Democratic Party established Urban workers Grew rapidly Members elected to Reichstag giving them a public forum to explain party platform Support increased

Bismarck’s Antisocialist Campaign 1878 two assassination attempts against the emperor Bismarck blames the SDP for both Emperor disbands Reichstag and holds new elections, widespread campaigns against socialism New laws prohibiting publication of socialist ideas and socialist meetings/rallies

Bismarck’s Antisocialist Campaign As socialist support grows, Bismarck grants some reforms in hopes of reducing “need” for socialism 1883 laws giving workers employer paid health and accident insurance Laws limiting working hours and giving certain holidays Provide pensions for disabled and retired workers

Bismarck Resigns Kaiser William I dies 1888; succeeded by Frederick III, then William II William II strongly conservative/absolutist Reduced Bismarck’s powers, got involved in areas previously controlled by Bismarck Bismarck angered, offers resignation, William II accepts it

Kaiser William II Expands policies to increase industrialization and modernization Increase size and strength of army New alliances with surrounding countries Expands the German navy to compete with the strongest in the world (Great Britain) By early 1900s, Germany is one of the strongest nations in the world

Vocabulary/Identify Centre Party Kulturkampf Cartel Socialism Social Democratic Party Kaiser William II