Growth factors improve latissimus dorsi muscle vascularization and trophicity after cardiomyoplasty Gilbert Zakine, MD, Emmanuel Martinod, MD, Paul Fornes,

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Growth factors improve latissimus dorsi muscle vascularization and trophicity after cardiomyoplasty Gilbert Zakine, MD, Emmanuel Martinod, MD, Paul Fornes, MD, Marc Sapoval, MD, Denis Barritault, PhD, Alain F Carpentier, MD, PhD, Juan Carlos Chachques, MD, PhD The Annals of Thoracic Surgery Volume 75, Issue 2, Pages 549-554 (February 2003) DOI: 10.1016/S0003-4975(02)04332-1

Fig 1 The growth factors delivery catheter was placed between the epicardium and the latissimus dorsi muscle. A sensing epicardial electrode was inserted in the left ventricular wall. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery 2003 75, 549-554DOI: (10.1016/S0003-4975(02)04332-1)

Fig 2 Angiographic studies. (A) Control group. (B) Basic fibroblast growth factor group showing hypervascularization of thoracodorsal artery branches and helical arteries (neoangiogenesis). (Arrows show helical arteries.) The Annals of Thoracic Surgery 2003 75, 549-554DOI: (10.1016/S0003-4975(02)04332-1)

Fig 3 Histologic studies. (A) Control group showing atrophy in the distal portion of the latissimus dorsi muscle (LDM) (hematoxylin-eosin-saffron, magnification ×40). (∣ = the borderline between the epicardium and the LDM.) (B) Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) group showing a preserved LDM trophicity (hematoxylin-eosin-saffron, magnification ×20). (C) bFGF group. A large number of neocapillaries (arrows) is observed between the LDM fibers (hematoxylin-eosin-saffron, magnification ×400). The Annals of Thoracic Surgery 2003 75, 549-554DOI: (10.1016/S0003-4975(02)04332-1)