Psychological Research

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Presentation transcript:

Psychological Research Methods: purpose, strengths, and weaknesses

Goals of Psychology DESCRIPTIVE (surveys, case studies, naturalistic observations) PREDICTIVE (correlations) EXPLANATORY (experimentation)

Naturalistic Observations Beware of the Hawthorne Effect

Case Studies Very detailed information about one or few subjects giving interesting insight Inability to replicate Time consuming

Surveys Strengths Weaknesses Cheap and fast Low response rate Large sample size What people say they do isn’t always what they actually do Can be correlational Wording Effects

Correlational Research Shows a relationship between 2 variables Correlation does NOT show causation https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MTbZoKEOkUg

Positive or Negative Correlation https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eo0F6mX9JIw Variables that are directly related move up together and down together Variables that are inversely related move in opposite directions

Positive or Negative? Studying and Grades Drug use and Grades

Correlation Coefficient Tells us the strength and the direction of the relationship Strong relationships are ones that approximate 1.00 Stronger relationships allow for greater predictive power Positive correlations are noted with a “+” symbol Negative correlations are noted with a “-” symbol -.80 and +.80. represent equally strong relationships -.83 is a much stronger relationship than +.65 Which is a stronger correlation? -.13 or +.38 -.72 or +.59 -.91 or +.04

Experimentation Purpose: Isolate the effects of one or more variables by Experiments are useful for determining cause and effect The ONLY method that shows causation The use of experimental controls reduces alternative explanations

Components of an Experiment Sample Random sample Random stratified sample Random Assignment Control Group & Experimental Group Independent Variable & Dependent Variable https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3pYw4uytrQY

Traps in Research Extraneous Variables Confounding Variables Quasi-experiment Within-Subjects Design Between-Subject Design Placebo Effect Single-blind study Experimenter Bias Double-blind study