Chapter 7 Seawater Chemistry Salinity

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Presentation transcript:

Chapter 7 Seawater Chemistry Salinity © 2002 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

Chemical Composition of Sea Water Probably every known naturally occurring element can be found in the ocean Only a few in large quantities Water – 96.5% by weight Dissolved substances – 3.5% by weight The most abundant ions dissolved in seawater are chloride, sodium and sulfate.

The Components of Salinity The most abundant components of a kilogram of seawater. © 2002 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

Components of Seawater Constituent Parts Per Thousand (ppt) Percent (%) by mass Oxygen 857.8 85.8 Hydrogen 107.2 10.7 Cl- (Chloride) 18.980 1.9 Na+ (Sodium) 10.556 1.1 SO42- (Sulfate) 2.649 0.3 Mg2+ (Magnesium) 1.272 0.1 Ca2+ (Calcium) 0.400 0.04 K (Potassium) 0.380 HCO3- (Bicarbonate) 0.140 .01

Other components of seawater Minor ions and other constituents: All other known elements - .1% Nutrients Organic compounds Radioactive elements Dissolved gasses

Dissolved Gases © 2002 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

Dissolved Gases Nitrogen Most abundant gas (48% in seawater; 78% in atmosphere) Inert (non-reactive) Enters seawater at the surface from exchange with the atmosphere

Dissolved Gases Oxygen 2nd most abundant gas (36% in seawater; 21% in atmosphere) Required by marine animals & plants for respiration Enters seawater at the surface only from exchange with the atmosphere by photosynthesis (CO2+H2O  O2+ glucose) Gets used up by respiration (O2+ glucose  CO2+H2O ) & decomposition

Dissolved Gases Carbon Dioxide 3rd most abundant gas (15% in seawater; ~1% in atmosphere) Required by marine plants for photosynthesis Enters seawater at all depths at the surface from exchange with the atmosphere at all depths from respiration (O2+ glucose  CO2+H2O ) & decomposition Gets used up by photosynthesis (CO2+H2O  O2+ glucose)

Dissolved Gases Dissolved gases are required for life in the ocean. Biological processes modify the concentration of gases at different depths. Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Decomposition

Dissolved Gases Photosynthesis reaction: CO2+H2O  O2+ glucose Plants use CO2, let off O2 Only occurs at the surface (top 100m) Why??

Dissolved Gases Cellular Respiration reaction: O2+ glucoseCO2+H2O Animals & Plants use O2, let off CO2 Occurs at all depths

Dissolved Gases Decomposition Uses O2, lets off CO2 Occurs at all depths

Dissolved Gases Gas dissolves more readily in cold water than it does on warm water (cold water holds more dissolved gas than warm water) Less salty water holds more dissolved gas than saltier water Water under pressure holds more dissolved gas than water under less pressure © 2002 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

Gases in Seawater Lab