Rami Alfarra, Urs Baltensperger: Paul Scherrer Institute, CH. Highly time resolved measurements of inorganic gases and aerosols during the EMEP intensive campaign June 2006 Eiko Nemitz, Rick Thomas, Chiara di Marco, Gavin Phillips: Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH) Edinburgh, UK. Rami Alfarra, Urs Baltensperger: Paul Scherrer Institute, CH. Rene Otjes, Jan Willem Erisman: Energy Centre of the Netherlands (ECN), Petten, NL. University of Kopio, FI.

EMEP Intensive Measurement Periods June 2006 / January 2007 New feature of the new measurement strategy Also provide an interim solution until EMEP Supersites (Level 2 & 3) are established Periods for June 2006 & January 2007 focussing on the gas / aerosol partitioning of inorganic aerosol Measurements include Daily measurements with manual techniques (Wenche) Hourly measurements with two different continuous techniques (this presentation) So far only preliminary data available from online techniques

The Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer Quantitative measurement Concentration & size distribution But, limitations: Measurement of sub-micron aerosol (100% across 40-600 nm) Thermal vapourisation at 550°C: non-refractory aerosol only Good for: NH4NO3, (NH4)2SO4, NH4Cl, organic aerosol Does not measure: sea salt, crustal material Ionisation: Thermal vapourisation, followed by electron impact ionisation (70 eV) Less fragmentation than laser ionisation More fragmentation than chemical ionisation

Thermal Vaporization & Electron Impact Ionization Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS) Particle Particle Beam Aerodynamic Sizing Composition Generation Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer Chopper Thermal Vaporization & Electron Impact Ionization TOF Region Aerodynamic Lens (2 Torr) Quantitative information of chemical composition and size distributions of volatile and semi-volatile aerosols. Aerodynamic lens, EI , QMS.. Particle Inlet (1 atm) Turbo Pump Turbo Pump Turbo Pump 100% transmission (30-600 nm), aerodynamic sizing, linear mass signal. Development of an Aerosol Mass Spectrometer for Size and Composition Analysis of Sub-micron Particles. Jayne et al., Aerosol Science and Technology 33:1-2(49-70), 2000.

The ECN MARGA/GRAEGOR Continuous wet denuder (NH3, HNO3, HCl, SO2, HONO) Steam jet aerosol collector (NH4+, NO3-, SO42-, Cl-) (MARGA also Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+) Anions: online anion IC Cations: online cation IC (MARGA) diffusion membrane / conductivity for NH4+ (GRAEGOR) Two separate sampling boxes for PM2.5 and PM10 (GRAEGOR TSP)

The MARGA/GRAEGOR

Comparison AMS vs. MARGA MARGA/ GRAEGOR Gases No Yes (NH3, HNO3, HCl, SO2,HNO2) Transmission 40 – 600 nm (~PM1) PM2.5 & PM10/TSP Sizing Yes Aerosol fraction Non-refractory only: NH4+, NO3-, SO42-, Cl-, OM, H2O Total: NH4+, NO3-, SO42-, Cl- (MARGA only: Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+)

1st EMEP Intensive Measurement Period June 2006: Gas / aerosol partitioning of inorganic aerosol (contributions: ECN, NL; Univ. Kopio, FI; PSI, CH) Auchencorth, Scotland Total PM1 = 8.6 mg m-3 Cabauw, The Netherlands Total PM2.5 = > 12.4 mg m-3 Mace Head, Ireland Total PM1 = 6.0 mg m-3 Payerne, Switzerland Total PM1 = 19.4 mg m-3 Harwell, England Total PM2.5 = 13.7 mg m-3

Overview of Average Concentrations

Total Measured Concentrations

Nitrate

Sulphate

Ammonium

NH3 & SO2

HNO3 & HCl

HNO3 & HONO

Data Usage Provides powerful dataset for model validation Bulk concentration Gas / aerosol partitioning Fine vs. coarse nitrate Size distributions Data towards aerosol climatology for Europe Analyse in its own right Analysis in local context

Concentration Products [NH3] x [HNO3]

Size distribution at CEH EMEP campaign Scottish Site

Average size distributions Auchencorth Payerne Mace Head

Charge Balance (NH4+ vs. sum of NO3- and SO42-)

Contribution of Regional Ammonium Aerosols to Exceedances of PM10 Air Quality Standards in Urban Areas

Concentration Statistics

Summary and Outlook The continuous measurements provide a very nice dataset for model evaluation Successful given that this is a new modus operandi, although more sites would be preferable For January 2007: MARGA at Auchencorth (established supersite) GRAEGOR at Harwell (supersite being established) MARGA at Cabauw AMS at Payerne (?) Finish AMS at Scandinavian site? (part time?) German AMS (MPI) at Jungfraujoch More AMS systems could be deployed (e.g. Univ. Manchester AMSs). Funding? Gap in Southern and Eastern Europe Conflict between long-term research commitments of the participating institutes