Bacterial and Viral Diseases Part 2 – Genitourinary, Nervous System, Wound, Blood, HIV, and STORCH diseases

Bacterial Genitourinary Infections Bacterial Cysitis = Bladder = Urinary Tract infection Enterobacteria – E. coli (80-90% of all UTI) Proteus and Klebsiella, (together make up about 5-10%) Staphylococcus saprophyticus (5-10%).

Risk of acquiring STDs Figure 25.7

Neisseria gonorrhoeae Figure 25.8

Bacterial- Sexually Transmitted Diseases Gonorrhea – Neiserria gonorrhea Clamydia - Clamydia trachomatis Syphilis – Treponema pallidum

Electron micrograph of N. gonorrhoeae Figure 25.9

Scanning electron micrograph of Chlamydia trachomitis Figure 25.10

Treponema pallidum Figure 25.12

Congenital syphilis Figure 25.15

Viral STDS Genital Herpes – Herpes Simplex II Papillomavirus infections – HPV (Human Papilloma Virus) AIDS – (HIV) Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Genital herpes simplex Figure 25.17

Genital warts Abnormal papanicolaou smear Figure 25.18

Bacterial Meningitis Causative agent Vaccine/ Treatment Age Group Neisseria meningitidis Vaccine - but not routinely given Older children and adults Haemophilis influenzae Hib vaccine 6 mo- 2 yrs Group B Streptococcus Give Antibiotics before birth of baby < 1 mo Streptococcus pneumoniae Yes - capsular pneumococcal vaccine All Ages Listeria monocytogenes Antibiotics – Food handling Very old and very young (<1mo)

Five leading causes of meningitis Figure 26.5

Petechiae Figure 26.6

Polymorphonuclear neutrophil response Figure 26.7

Cases on meningococcal disease Figure 26.8

Distribution of encephalitis – causing arboviruses Figure 26.14

Comparison of Clostridial Toxins Tetanus toxin causes spastic paralysis by inhibiting Acetylcholinesterase (which will break down ACh) Botox toxin causes flaccid paralysis by blocking the ACh receptors on post-synaptic membrane (muscle sarcolemma)

Viral Nervous System Infections Meningitis – caused by picornaviruses (small naked RNA) – coxsackie and echoviruses are most common – make up about 50% of cases. Encephalitis – various viruses – transmitted by mosquito Poliomyelitis – transmitted by oral-fecal route Rabies - transmitted by the bite of infected animal

Poliomyelitis Figure 26.15

“iron lungs” Figure 26.17

Incidence of poliomyelitis Figure 26.18

Rabies virus and rabid animal Figure 26.19

Bacterial Wound Infections Staphylococcus aureus (aerobic) – most common Streptococcus pyogenes (anaerobic)- flesh eating “necrotizing fascitis” Pseudomonas aeroginosa (aerobic) - most common nosicomial infection Clostridium tetani (anaerobic)- “lock jaw” – causes arching in back Clostridium perfringenes (anaerobic) – gas gangrene – splits open wound due to gas accumulation. Actinomyces israelii (anaerobic) – “lumpy jaw”

Staphylococcus aureus – surgical wound Figure 27.3

S. aureus - pus Figure 27.4

Streptococcus pyogenes- Necrotizing fasciitis Figure 27.5

Pseudomonas aeruginosa - pigmentation Figure 27.6

Clostridium tetani - spores Figure 27.8

Muscle spasm - tetanospasm Figure 27.7

Clostridium perfringenes- Gas gangrene Figure 27.12

Actinomyces israelii - “Lumpy jaw” of the face Figure 27.13

Bacterial Zoonosis Infections Francisella tularensis – Tularemia – “Rabbit fever” – transmitted by droplets from small game animals. Brucella melitensis – “Undulent Fever” –“Bang’s Disease” – recurrence in fever symptoms over a period of weeks to months later Yersinia pestis - “Black Death” The plague – bubonic (transmitted by rat flea bites) and pneumonic (transmitted human to human by air droplets)

Cases of Tularemia Figure 28.5

Yersinia pestis Figure 28.6

Viral Blood Infections Infectious Mononucleosis – kissing – drinking after someone who has the virus in saliva Yellow Fever – Aedes mosquito

Natural history of HIV disease Figure 29.8

HIV/AIDS epidemic Figure 29.1

Kaposi’s sarcoma Figure 29.12

Cytomegalovirus – “owl’s eye” Figure 29.15

HIV Complications Toxoplasmosis gondii Pneumocystis carinii Mycobacterium tuberculosis Cytomeglovirus

Diseases that cause congenital birth defects S – Syphilis (bacterial) T – Toxoplasmosis (other – protozoan) O – Other (bacterial) R – Rubella (viral) C – Cytomeglovirus (viral) H – Herpes (viral)