The Early Cold War

Cold War Origins What caused the Cold War? 1st Red Scare – Bolshevik Revolution USSR not recognized by US until 1933 Nonaggression Pact (1939) 10 million soldiers in Red Army U.N. Security Council U.S., Britain, France, China, USSR – veto power World Bank – Soviets did not support it Arms race

Eastern Europe No free elections (Stalin promised) Expansion of USSR – Russia “needed” the buffer states from Germany Division of Germany

Churchill’s Iron Curtain Speech It is my duty, however, to place before you certain facts about the present position in Europe. From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia; all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere, and all are subject, in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and in some cases increasing measure of control from Moscow. The safety of the world, ladies and gentlemen, requires a unity in Europe, from which no nation should be permanently outcast.

Containment 1947 – “get tough with Russia” Truman Doctrine → contain the spread of Communism Truman Doctrine Soviets threaten to take Greece and Turkey US will send $$ and supplies to stop communism * * Foundation of Cold War policy through 1980s “if we fail to act now, we may endanger the welfare of our own nation” - Harry Truman, March 1947

National Security Act (1947) Created: Department of Defense Central Intelligence Agency

The Marshall Plan Sec. of State George Marshall July 1947 $13 billion pledged over 4 years to European nations destroyed by WW II USSR refused “capitalist money”

Soviet Response (1947- 1948) Czechoslovakia and Hungary taken into Soviet Union Cut off all land access into Berlin

Berlin Airlift 1948 Operation Vittles 11 months of supplies flown in to Berlin May 1949 - East and West Germany are created (Berlin divided too)

Israel UN countries realized the importance of political power in the land of oil Israel created - 1948 According to the cartoon, what was an underlying reason for creating Israel?

NATO – April 1949 North Atlantic Treaty Organization Soviet Response US, Canada, 10 European nations 1st peacetime military alliance in US history Soviet Response Warsaw Pact

Arms Race NATO vs. Warsaw Nations Soviets test A-bomb in 1949 U.S. developed Hydrogen bomb in Nov. 1952 Soviets followed in 1953

H – Bomb - 1954

Red Scare & McCarthyism House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) Originally created in 1939 to search for Nazi spies in US Began the hunt for communists in late 1940s Hollywood Ten – refused to testify against suspected communists in Hollywood

Joseph McCarthy Wisconsin senator 1950 – speech in West Virginia Four years of political power

Loyalty Review Board Investigated over 3 million federal employees for suspected communist activity Smith Act of 1940 – illegal to teach or promote the overthrow of the government or belong to an organization that does this. Supported by the Supreme Court in 1951 – Dennis et al. vs. US

Espionage Cases Julius and Ethel Rosenberg (1951)

Cold War in Asia

Japan Gen. MacArthur controlled reconstruction 1947 – Democracy established Emperor Hirohito Japan gave up Korea US occupation ended in 1951

China Nationalist party leader – Chiang Kai-shek 1949 – Communism Mao Zedong Sino-Soviet Pact (1950) – military alliance between China and USSR

Korea NSC – 68 Report stated that the US was falling behind in military power to USSR Answer to this = Military spending up 400% 38th parallel North – Kim Il Sung South – Syngman Rhee

Korean (Police Action) War United Nations’ answer to military expansion Douglas MacArthur China aided North Korea Truman censored Mac, then fired him

Impact of the Korean War War over an economic/political idea Communism vs. Capitalism/Democracy Korea remained divided North (communist) and South (democratic, free market) US maintained an ally in Asia, held off Soviet and Chinese aggression US made mistakes that it repeated in Vietnam Endless budget to fight Lack of respect for enemy Problems in communication between politicians and military