Gwo-Jang Wu, M. D. , Ph. D. , Fung-Wei Chang, M. D. , Shang-Sen Lee, M

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Apoptosis-related phenotype of ejaculated spermatozoa in patients with varicocele Gwo-Jang Wu, M.D., Ph.D., Fung-Wei Chang, M.D., Shang-Sen Lee, M.D., Ya-Yuan Cheng, M.Sc., Chi-Huang Chen, M.Sc., I-Ching Chen, M.D. Fertility and Sterility Volume 91, Issue 3, Pages 831-837 (March 2009) DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.12.058 Copyright © 2009 American Society for Reproductive Medicine Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Expression of annexin V–PI staining sperm assay by flow cytometry between (A) normal controls and (B) patients with varicocele. Q1 = percentage of necrotic cells, Q2 = percentage of late apoptotic cells, Q3 = percentage of live cells, and Q4 = percentage of apoptotic cells. (C) Bar chart showing percentage of apoptosis. AV = early apoptosis; AV II = late apoptosis. ∗P<.05. Fertility and Sterility 2009 91, 831-837DOI: (10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.12.058) Copyright © 2009 American Society for Reproductive Medicine Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Expression of mitochondrial membrane potential, using the DiOC6 staining assay by flow cytometry. (A)The numbers of DiOC6-stained sperm cells were lower among patients with varicoceles than among normal controls, with a shift to the left. (B) Furthermore, the mitochondrial transmembrane potential was lower among patients with varicocele than among controls. ∗P<.05. Fertility and Sterility 2009 91, 831-837DOI: (10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.12.058) Copyright © 2009 American Society for Reproductive Medicine Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Sperm nuclear DNA integrity, assessed by single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay). (A) Cells with intact, undamaged DNA from normal controls and (B) cells with a high degree of DNA damage in patients with varicoceles. (C) The percentages of tail DNA and Olive tail moment (OTM) were higher in patients with varicoceles than in normal donor controls (P<.02 and P<.05, respectively). Fertility and Sterility 2009 91, 831-837DOI: (10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.12.058) Copyright © 2009 American Society for Reproductive Medicine Terms and Conditions