2nd quarter bio final *Remember this does not include Genetic mutations, but they will be on the final

1. What is the longest phase of the cell cycle? (p. 245) Interphase

2. What is made at the end of mitosis (how many and type)? (p. 248) 2 identical diploid cells

3. Briefly describe what happens in meiosis I: (p.276-277) 1-Chromosomes form homologous tetrads; 2-centrioles form; 3-nuclear breakdown; 4-crossover Prophase I=

1- homologous chromosomes meet in the middle/equator randomly; 2- spindles fibers attach (cont.) Metaphase I=

1-separate into chromosomes (cont.) Anaphase I=

(cont.) Telophase I= 1-nuclear membrane forms (temp); 2-centrioles & fibers disappear

4. Briefly describe what happens in each phase of mitosis: (P. 246—247) Prophase= 1-Chromosomes forms; 2-centrioles form; 3-nuclear breakdown

Cont.Metaphase= 1-line up into a line at the middle/equator; 2-spindle fibers attach

(cont.) Anaphase= 1-separate into chromatids

(cont.)Telophase= 1-nuclear membrane forms; 2-centrioles & fibers disappear 3. chromosomes unwind

5. What are the differences between mitosis and meiosisII? (notes)

6. How many and what type of cells are produced in meiosis? (p.276) 4 nonidentical haploid gamete (eggs and sperms)cells

7. What cells and where in the body does mitosis occur (hint: somatic or sex cells)?(notes) Somatic cells-all over the body

8. What cells and where in the body does meiosis occur 8. What cells and where in the body does meiosis occur? (use the hint from #7) (notes) Sex cells-sex organs

9. What are gametes?(p.266) Sperm and eggs/haploid cells

10. How many chromosomes from each parent? (p. 341 & 342) 23 individual (no pairs)

11. How is a zygote produced? (p. 1009) 2 gamete cells join in fertilization

12. What two phases produce genetic diversity and what occurs. (p 12. What two phases produce genetic diversity and what occurs? (p. 276, 277 & notes) Prophase I (crossing over) and Metaphase I (homologous tetrads lining up randomly)

13. What is the process of meiosis called in females. Males. (p 13. What is the process of meiosis called in females? Males? (p. 278 & notes) Oogenesis/females spermatogenesis/males

14. What do you call the exchange of genetic information between homologous chromosomes (prophase I)? (p. 277) Cross over

15. What is heredity? (notes) Passing of traits from parent to offspring

16. What is a genotype? (p. 268) Genetic make up/alleles

17. What is a phenotype? (glossary) Physical trait

18. What is an allele? (glossary) A form of the gene

19. What does heterozygous mean? (glossary) Alleles are different same as hybrid

20. What does homozygous mean? (glossary) Alleles are the same as purebred

21. What is a dominant allele and what type of letter is used? (notes) Hides all other allele traits-capital-can be seen as long as 1 allele is dominant

22. What is a recessive allele and what type of letter is used? (notes) Shows only when there are no dominant-2 lowercase alleles ONLY

23. What is a male genotype? Female? (p. 342) XY-male & XX-female

24. What is the general term used to describe the identifying, manipulating, and transferring of genes? Genetic engineering

25. What is the shape and components of DNA? (p. 293) Double helix (twisted ladder)-Deoxyribose & phosphate sides and 2 nucleic bases as rungs

26. What is the shape and components of mRNA? (p. 300-301) Single strand-ribose & phosphate side with a nucleic base attached

27. What is tRNA? (p. 300-301) Transfer RNA-amino acid on 1 side and Anticodon on other side-brings the amino acid to the rRNA

28. What is rRNA? (p. 300-301) Molecule forms ribosomes

29. What is the pairing of DNA nucleotides? (p.294) A-T & C-G “AT”

30. What is the pairing of mRNA to DNA nucleotides? (p. 301) A-U C-G

31. What is a codon? (p.302-305) 3 sequence section on the mRNA that is used to code for the amino acids/use chart.

Anticodon? 3matching nucleotides code on the tRNA with the corresponding amino acid on the other side of the tRNA

32. What is the order of protein synthesis? (p.302-306) 1.transcription; 2. translation/transfer; 3. assembly line; & 4.completion of the polypeptide chain/protein

33. What are the start and stop codons and what process do they help with? (p.302-303) AUG-Start translating codon UAA, UAG, & UGA are stop translating codons

34. What is replication and where does it occur?(p. 297-299 & 246) Replication is the copying of DNA during the S phase of Interphase that occurs in the nucleus

35. What is and where does transcription occur?(p. 301 & 304-305) Transcription is the 1st step in protein synthesis where mRNA copies part of the DNA code

36. What is translation and where does it occur? (p.301-303) Translation is part of protein synthesis where mRNA is decoded at the ribosome (rRNA). The tRNA matches up its anticodons to the mRNA’s codons

37. Where in the cell and how is protein synthesized. (p 37. Where in the cell and how is protein synthesized? (p. 302-306 & notes) When the tRNA matches its anticodons to the mRNA’s codons at the ribosomes, it brings with it a particular amino acid. After the tRNA’s drops off amino acids from the start to the stop codon, the protein is complete.

38. Briefly define the sequence mutations? (p. 307) Point mutation= occurs in a single point of the DNA.

Cont. Frameshift mutation= The shifting of DNA nucleotides caused by an insertion or deletion

39. Are all mutations bad? (p. 308) No, some are bad, some are good, and some cause no change

40. Thymine is in ______ and replaced with ______ on the _____ strand 40. Thymine is in ______ and replaced with ______ on the _____ strand. (p. 297-299 & 302) DNA, Uracil RNA

T A A G G C A G T TT-------Complimentary DNA strand 41. Write the complementary strand to the strand of DNA shown under the process of REPLICATION. (p. 295) A T T C C G T C A A A T A A G G C A G T TT-------Complimentary DNA strand

A T T C C G T C A A A U A A G G C A G U U U 42. Write the complementary strand of DNA shown under the process of TRANSCRIPTION. (p. 301-301) A T T C C G T C A A A U A A G G C A G U U U (mRNA stand)