FUTURE 5 TEST #3 - UNITS 7-10 CITIZENSHIP - KNOWING THE LAW – SAVING THE PLANET TECHNOLOGY Future English for Results 5 - Pearson /Longman Elizabeth Celeste Coiman-Lopez, BAT, MS Houston Community College, School of Continuing Education

Unit 7, p. 128 PAST PERFECT RULES: HAD + PAST PARTICIPLE It indicates that something happened before a specific time, event, or action in the past. The thirteen colonies had become the thirteen American states. When used with already, yet, and just, is to emphasize which event came first. The British had already lost a lot of money. The Revolutionary War had not yet begun. It was 1755, Paul Revere had just begun to work at his father’s shop. Unit 7, p. 128 PAST PERFECT

Unit 7, p. 128 PAST PERFECT (continuation) RULES: HAD + PAST PARTICIPLE (continuation) 4. When used with by + a certain time, is to indicate the order in which two events happened. By 1750, more than 1 million settlers had made the colonies their new homes. 5. With past time clauses beginning with by the time, before and when. By the time the Pilgrims arrived, immigrants to Jamestown had already established a successful colony. Before he became president of the United States, George Washington had commanded the Continental Army. When representatives from the colonies met to write the Constitution, the Declaration of Independence had already been written. Unit 7, p. 128 PAST PERFECT (continuation)

Unit 7, p. 134 PASSIVE WITH GET RULES: We can sometimes use GET to replace BE in passive sentences. This is frequently done in conversation than in written language. EXAMPLES: ACTIVE VOICE: The people elected him because of this position on environmental protection. PASSIVE VOICE: He was elected (by the people) because of his position on environmental protection. PASSIVE VOICE: He got elected (by the people) because of his position on environmental protection. ACTIVE VOICE: I hope Congress and the president pass the bill protecting whales. PASSIVE VOICE: I hope the bill protecting shales is passed. (by Congress and the president) PASSIVE VOICE: I hope the bill protecting whales gets passed. (by Congress and the president) Unit 7, p. 134 PASSIVE WITH GET

Unit 8 p. 148 FUTURE REAL CONDITIONALS 5 RULES: A conditional sentence has an if clause describing a condition and a result clause describing a result of that condition. If you decide to answer questions without an attorney present, you will still have the right to stop answering at any time. Use it to talk about what will happen if something else happens. An attorney will be appointed for you if you cannot afford one. Use SIMPLE PRESENT in the IF clause 4. Use FUTURE like will or a modal such as CAN, COULD, MAY, or MIGHT+ main verb in the RESULT clause. Your license might be suspended if you refuse a BAC test. Unit 8 p. 148 FUTURE REAL CONDITIONALS 5

Unit 8 p. 148 FUTURE REAL CONDITIONALS 6 RULES: 5. Use it to talk about situations that: Occur regularly Are likely or possible in the future. 6. Use a comma (,) at the end of the IF clause. If you are under the legal drinking age, your penalty could be especially severe. If you trespass in Texas, you may receive a maximum fine of $2,000. Unit 8 p. 148 FUTURE REAL CONDITIONALS 6

Unit 9, p. 178 PAST SUBJUNCIVE WITH WISH 2 RULES: Use it to talk about past situations you regret (feel bad or are sad about). Use wish + had + past participle After wish, you can use THAT (optional) and omitted when speaking. For a list of past participles for irregular verbs, see p. 225 Example: The Facts: Expressing Regret They didn’t start recycling years ago. I wish (that) we had started recycling years ago. When he lived in his old town, they I just wish (that) we had had these types had different recycling rules. of recycling rules back in my old town. They weren’t as educated then I wish (that) we had been more educate about waste as they are now. about the amount of waste we generated. Unit 9, p. 178 PAST SUBJUNCIVE WITH WISH 2

Unit 9. p. 178 PAST UNREAL CONDITIONALS 8 RULES: Use it to talk about situations in the past and to describe what you would have done differently, or how something could have happened differently. Use the past perfect in the IF clause Use would, could, might + have + past participle in the RESULT clause Example: If our parents had been aware of the damage they were doing, they would have done things differently. If I had known that before, I wouldn’t have had trouble. Unit 9. p. 178 PAST UNREAL CONDITIONALS 8

Unit 10 – p. 194 ADJECTIVE CLAUSES RULES: Use WHO for people. Use WHICH for things. Use THAT for both people and things. They are dependent clauses that modify nouns EXAMPLE: It seems real to the person who experiences it. (Adj. Clause) Virtual reality is an environment that is produced by a computer. (Adjective Clause) The game includes five missions which cover the three levels of learning permits. (Adjective Clause) We have a free lunch program for students who/that need financial assistance. (Adjective Clause) Unit 10 – p. 194 ADJECTIVE CLAUSES