Industrial Development in S.C. Standards 8-5.5

Standard 8-5.5 Compare industrial development in S.C. to industrialization in the rest of the U.S., including the expansion of railroads, the development of phosphate & textile industries, & immigration.

Key Words Textiles—woven or machine knitted fabrics Monopoly—when one business becomes so powerful & eliminates its competition Trust—the assurance of future payment for something Turpentine—a fluid obtained from distilled pine resin—used as a solvent Entrepreneur—one who organizes a business Tuberculosis—a contagious disease of the lungs; caused by bacteria Lint head—a negative nickname given to cotton mill workers

Economic Growth in the U.S. Iron ore & coal discoveries growth of steel & oil industry rise of entrepreneurs Ranches & farms meats & grains meat packing & processing plants Provided jobs in America which were filled by immigrants from Ireland, Germany, Scotland, etc. S.C. was mostly unaffected by this growth as the elite looked down upon industry Conservatives offered very little support to industrial growth in S.C.

Railroads North—covered 50,000 miles (major cities grew b/c of the RR as connected suppliers & markets around the U.S.) South—had to rebuild after the Civil War During reconstruction—RR were built and connected South NorthMidwest RR—built to connect Charleston & ColumbiaChicagoNYCincinnati (Ohio) Cornelius Vanderbilt (RR) & J.P. Morgan (steel)—monopoly on the RR and the steel used to build them

S.C. Railroad Companies Funding by federal gov’t S.C. Railroad Northeastern RR Charleston RR Savannah RR B/C of the RR connecting east->west time zones & standard time was established

Oil Industry Developed in the N.E.—for heat and light (became bigger in the 1890’s b/c of the car) Oil Creek, PA—1st gusher was the ”Drake” Standard Oil Company—1870’s in Ohio—became the largest company (Exxon & Chevron are part of the S.O. Company) No oil industry developed in S.C.

Standard Oil Company John D. Rockefeller—founder of Standard Oil Company—monopoly on oil pipelines

ESSO—S.O.—Standard Oil

Causes of Industrial Growth Many big industries became monopolies & eliminated their competition Standard Oil Company—oil industry—John D. Rockefeller U.S. Steel—steel industry—J.P. Morgan & Andrew Carnegie Railroad Industry— Cornelius Vanderbilt

S.C. Industry Textiles—began in North before the Civil War—became important to S.C. economy Cotton Mills—modeled after northern mills—produced finished cloth, began in 1895 in S.C. Upstate & expanded across S.C. by 1910 Textile Industry—money from northern investors built mills—located near cotton fields & near rivers (to supply power) 1910—S.C. was 2nd largest textile producer in the U.S.

Growth of Textiles in S.C. 1. Streams & rivers—running water to power mills—Broad, Saluda, Catawba, etc. 2. Cotton—major crop for making cloth 3. Labor—ample supply of labor/employees for running the mills—provided for jobs for farmers who could no longer make a living

Mills and Mill Villages Mills—employed average of 3 members of a family—children went to work in mills as young as 10. Mill Villages—self sufficient towns—set up for mill workers—houses, schools, churches, stores, hospitals

Mill Village

Old Gas Station in Mill Village

Company Store

Mill Village School

Mill Village Swimming Pool

Working in the Mill Economic times determined whether workers had jobs 12 Hour days-6 days a week Low wages in S.C. Cotton fibers in the air—workers breathed in fibers—led to lung diseases Accidents could “take off” fingers, arms, legs & end careers & lives S.C. workers could not organize labor unions in order to get more pay & better working conditions The U.S. gov’t supported mill owners rather than workers

Mills—located along rivers for power

Textile Mill

Inside Textile Mills

Young textile mill workers

Other S.C. Industry Cotton Seed Industry—crushed seeds to make oil for shortening, margarines, salad oil, & explosives 2. Phosphates—used for fertilizers (lime)—found in coastal areas of Charleston & Beaufort after the war—mining lasted about 20 years 3. Lumber—long leaf pine trees—pine resin for turpentine