RESPIRATORY SYSTEM FAR 131 BASIC PHYSIOLOGY GROUP 9 MEMBERS: ANIS FAZEERA BINTI AHMAD FUAD KHOR JUU YEEI MOHD ZULFIKAR BIN AHMAD FAUZI NOR FADZLIN SAKINA BINTI JAFFERI NUR MAHIRAH BINTI ABDUL MANAF TAY SUE CHYEN TENGKU NABILAH SURAYA

Tube sys lead to the lungs RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Lung Tube sys lead to the lungs Respiratory portion Conducting portion Respiratory bronchioles Provide passage- airlung Condition inspired air Mucosa identical to mucosa of terminal bronchioles BUT numerous alveoli extend from wall. No goblet cell. Ciliated cuboidal cell & clora cell L.propria(smooth muscle,elastic fibres) Cartilage Elastic fibre Dust and gaseous impuritiestrap in: -vibrissae(specialized hair) -layer of mucous(mucous gland) Cleansed Support wall Prevent collapselumen At periphery Lamina propria flexibility Flow chart Smooth muscle Alveolar ducts Mucous & serous secretion(moisten air) Protect alveolar lining from dessication Moisted Simple squamous epithelium. Alveolar sacs are disintended space Elastic fibreenable aveoli- expand(inspiration),contract(expiration) . Reticular fibre prevent- overdistension & damage to capillaries. Encircles tube From tracheaalveolar duct Alveoli Sac-like evagination. O2,CO2 exchangedair&blood Interalveolar septum(alveolar wall): 2 thin squamous epithelium layer. Between layer(interstitium) Interstitium: capillaries,CT(elastic,reticular fibre & fibroblast) By a rich network of capillaries. warmed

RESPIRATORY Lungs SYSTEM System of tubes Leading to the lung FUNCTIONS: Provide an intake of O2 Eliminate CO2

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM CONDUCTING PORTION Nasal Cavity Nasopharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Terminal Bronchioles RESPIRATORY PORTION Respiratory Bronchioles Alveolar Ducts Alveoli

CONDUCTING PORTION

FUNCTIONS: Cartilage ~ support wall, preventing collapse of lumen 1) Provide a conduct through which air can travel to & from the lungs Cartilage ~ support wall, preventing collapse of lumen Elastic fibres ~ flexibility ~ Smooth muscle ~ contraction reduce of conducting tubules (regulate air flow during inspiration & expiration)

2) Condition the inspired air (clean, moisten, warm) Vibrissae ~ remove dust particles & other substance Mucous & serous secretions ~ moisten incoming air, protect alveolar lining from desiccation Rich network of blood capillaries ~ warm in-coming air

RESPIRATORY EPITHELIUM Line the mucosa of conducting portion Ciliated pseudostratified columnar + goblet cells 5 TYPE OF CELLS: 1) Ciliated columnar cell Most abundant Each cells have about 300 cilia on its apical surface Beneath cilia are numerous mitochondria, supply ATP for cilia beating. 2) Mucous goblet cell Next most abundant Apical cytoplasm contains mucin granules

RESPIRATORY EPITHELIUM 3) Brush cell Numerous microvillus on its apical surfaces Are columnar epithelial cell Have nerve ending on basal surface (sensory receptor) 4) Basal cells (short cells) Small rounded cell Lie on basal lamina but do not extend to luminal surface of respiratory epithelium Generative stem cell that undergo mitosis and differentiate to other cell types 5) Small granule cell Resemble basal cell except it contains numerous granules Granules control secretory activity of goblet cells and other glands

Layers of Tracheal Wall TRACHEA ~ extended from larynx Layers of Tracheal Wall MUCOSA Consist of: Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium Lamina propia -elastic & reticular fibers -Provide same protection against dust as the membrane lining the nasal cavity & larynx HYALINE CARTILAGE From horizontal ring that resembles C-shaped. Fxn: Provide semirigid support so that tracheal wall does not collapsed inward. The open end s of hyaline cartilage bridged by smooth muscle,trachealis muscle, and fibroelastic ligament SUBMUCOSA Consist of: Areolar connective tissue -Seromucous glands & their ducts ADVENTITIA Consist of: Areolar connective tissue -Joins the trachea to sorrounding tissues.

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