Principles of Anatomy and Physiology 14th Edition CHAPTER 1 An Introduction to the Human Body Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Basic Anatomical Terminology Body positions Regional names Directional terms Planes and sections Body cavities Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Body Positions Anatomical position is a standardized method of observing or imaging the body that allows precise and consistent anatomical reference Person stands erect, facing the observer, the upper extremities are places at the sides, the palms of the hands are turned forward, and the feet are flat on the floor Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Directional Terms Directional terms are used to precisely locate one part of the body relative to another. Always based on standard anatomical position Right and left refer to the body being viewed, not right and left of the observer Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Orientation and Directional Terms Definition Example Blank Superior (cranial) Toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above A person faces the viewer, with an arrow pointing upward. The head is superior to the abdomen. Inferior (caudal) Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below A person faces the viewer, with an arrow pointing downward. The navel is inferior to the chin. Anterior (ventral)* Toward or at the front of the body; in front of A person faces right, with an arrow pointing rightward. The breastbone is anterior to the spine. Posterior (dorsal)* Toward or at the back of the body; behind A person faces right, with an arrow pointing leftward. The heart is posterior to the breastbone. *The terms ventral and anterior are synonymous in humans, but this is not the case in four-legged animals. Anterior refers to the leading portion of the body (abdominal surface in humans, head in a cat), but ventral specifically refers to the “belly” of a vertebrate animal, so it is the inferior surface of four-legged animals. Likewise, although the dorsal and posterior surfaces are the same in humans, the term dorsal specifically refers to an animal’s back. Thus, the dorsal surface of four-legged animals is their superior surface. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Orientation and Directional Terms Definition Example Blank Medial Toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of A person in the anterior view. A vertical line divides the person in half, and arrows point leftward and rightward toward the line. The heart is medial to the arm. Lateral Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of A person in the anterior view. A vertical line divides the person in half, and arrows point leftward and rightward away from the line. The arms are lateral to the chest. Intermediate * Between a more medial and a more lateral structure The collarbone is intermediate between the breastbone and shoulder. *A person in the anterior view. Arrows indicate points between the midline and the left and right shoulders. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Orientation and Directional Terms Definition Example Blank Proximal Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk A person in the anterior view. Arrows extend from hand to shoulder, and from feet to hips. The elbow is proximal to the wrist. Distal Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk A person in the anterior view. Arrows extend from shoulder to hand, and from hip to foot. The knee is distal to the thigh. Superficial (external) Toward or at the body surface A person in the anterior view. Arrows indicate the exterior of the body. The skin is superficial to the skeletal muscles. Deep (internal) Away from the body surface; more internal A person in the anterior view. Arrows indicate the interior of the body. The lungs are deep to the skin. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Regional Names Regional names are names given to specific regions of the body for reference Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Planes & Sections Planes are imaginary flat surfaces that are used to divide the body. Sections are named after a plane. Sagittal plane Divides body vertically into right and left parts Produces a sagittal section if cut along this plane Midsagittal (median) plane Cut was made perfectly on midline Parasagittal plane Cut was off-centered, not on midline Frontal (coronal) plane Divides body vertically into anterior and posterior parts (front and back) Produces a frontal or coronal section Transverse (horizontal) plane Divides body horizontally (90° to vertical plane) into superior and inferior parts (top and bottom) Produces a cross section Oblique section Result of cuts at angle other than 90° to vertical plane Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Practicing Planes & Sections Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Planes of the Body shown with Corresponding Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Scans Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Body Cavities Body cavities are spaces within the body that help protect, separate, and support internal organs. Cavities provide different degrees of protection to the organs within them. Two Sets of Cavities Dorsal Body Cavity Cranial Cavity and Vertebral Cavity Ventral Body Cavity Thoracic Cavity and Abdominopelvic Cavity Thoracic cavity Two pleural cavities Each cavity surrounds one lung Mediastinum Contains pericardial cavity Surrounds other thoracic organs, such as esophagus, trachea, etc. Pericardial cavity Encloses heart Abdominopelvic cavity Abdominal cavity Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver Pelvic cavity Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Dorsal and Ventral Body Cavities and Their Subdivisions Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Membranes in Ventral Body Cavity Serosa (also called serous membrane) Thin, double-layered membranes that cover surfaces in ventral body cavity Parietal serosa lines internal body cavity walls Visceral serosa covers internal organs (viscera) Double layers are separated by slit-like cavity filled with serous fluid Fluid secreted by both layers of membrane Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Thoracic Cavity Serous Membranes The pericardium and pleura cover the heart and lungs, respectively Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Thoracic Cavity Serous Membranes Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Abdominal Cavity Serous Membrane The peritoneum, covers many of the abdominal organs The visceral membrane covers the organs The parietal layer lines the abdominal wall Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Homeostatic Imbalance Serous membranes can become inflamed as a result of infection or other causes Normally smooth layers can become rough and even can stick together, resulting in excruciating pain Examples: pleurisy and peritonitis Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Abdominopelvic Regions & Quadrants Abdominopelvic quadrants and regions Quadrants are divisions used primarily by medical personnel Abdominopelvic region is sectioned into quarters Right upper quadrant (RUQ) Left upper quadrant (LUQ) Right lower quadrant (RLQ) Left lower quadrant (LLQ) Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions Nine divisions called regions, resembling a tic-tac-toe grid, are used primarily by anatomists Right hypochondriac region Epigastric region Left hypochondriac region Right lumbar region Umbilical region Left lumber region Right Iliac (inguinal) region Hypogastric region Left iliac (inguinal) region Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Nine Abdominopelvic Regions Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Other Body Cavities In addition to the two main body cavities, the body has several smaller cavities that are exposed to environment Oral and digestive cavities Nasal cavity Orbital cavities Middle ear cavities Not exposed to environment Synovial cavities: joint cavities Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Medical Imaging Medical imaging involves techniques that allow physicians to view images of the human body This allows physicians to diagnose anatomical and physiological abnormalities Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Medical Imaging Procedures Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Medical Imaging Procedures Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Medical Imaging Procedures Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Medical Imaging Procedures Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Medical Imaging Procedures Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Medical Imaging Procedures Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.