Fake News and Inclusion in Southeast Asia

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Presentation transcript:

Fake News and Inclusion in Southeast Asia Dr. James Gomez Chair, Board of Directors

Fake News: Global Trends Population: 7.593, Internet:4.021, Social Media: 3.199: Mobile Social Media: 2.958(Billion) Shift in news consumptions from online to social media platforms Facebook, Twitter, YouTube – top platforms Content creation immediate, decentralized, diverse not subject to regulations or fixed standards Technical and social filters result in filter bubbles and echo chambers

Fake News – Definition (Misinformation/Disinformation) “Deliberate presentation of false or misleading claims as news, where the claims are misleading by design.” Axel Gelbert (2018) It has to be false, intentionally designed to be false. It must be disseminated in a volume equivalent to that of news (i.e. attending wide circulation). a degree of impact or success in materializing the objective of dissemination and uptake, which serve as a catalyst for further action.

What is the Debate around Fake News? Fake according to who?

Election Dates in South East Asia Countries Previous elections 2018-2020 elections Countries with Elections Cambodia 2013 general election 2018 general election – 29 July 2018 Indonesia 2018 gubernatorial elections – 27 June 2018 2019 presidential elections – 17 April 2019 Malaysia 2013 General Election 2018 General Election – 9 May 2018 Myanmar 2015 general election 2020 general election Philippines 2016 presidential election 2019 House of Representatives and Senate election – 13 May 2019   Singapore Late 2019/ 2020 Thailand 2014 general election Possibly in Feb or May 2019 Countries without Election Brunei Absolute Monarchy Laos Communist State Vietnam

Internet Penetration and Usage in South East Asia Countries Population Internet penetration Average daily Internet use (hrs.) Active Mobile internet users Countries with Elections Cambodia 16,130,000 50% (8,000,000) N/A 45% (7,200,000) Indonesia 265,400,000 50% (132,700,000) 8 hours 51 minutes 47% (124,800,000) Malaysia 31,830,000 79% (25,080,000) 8 hours 27 minutes 76% (24,080,000) Myanmar 53,610,000 34% (18,000,000) 30% (16,000,000) Philippines 105,700,000 63% (67,000,000) 9 hours 29 minutes 59% (61,900,000) Singapore 5,750,000 84% (4,830,000) 7 hours 09 minutes 80% (4,580,000) Thailand 69,100,000 82% (57,000,000) 9 hours 38 minutes 79% (54,580,000) Countries without Election Brunei 431,400 95% (410,000) 81% (350,000) Laos PDR 6,910,000 35% (2,400,000) 32% (2,200,000) Vietnam 96,020,000 67% (64,000,000) 6 hours 52 minutes 64% (61,730,000) Source: Digital in 2018 in Southeast Asia.

Social Media Penetration and Usage in South East Asia Countries Social media penetration Average daily social media use (hrs.) Total number of social media users accessing via mobile Countries with Elections Cambodia 43% (7,000,000) N/A Indonesia 49% (130,000,000) 3 hours 23 minutes 120,000,000 Malaysia 75% (24,000,000) 3 hours 00 minutes 22,000,000 Myanmar 34% (18,000,000) Philippines 63% (67,000,000) 3 hours 57 minutes 62,000,000 Singapore 83% (4,800,000) 2 hours 06 minutes 4,300,000 Thailand 74% (51,000,000) 3 hours 10 minutes 46,000,000 Countries without Election Brunei 95% (410,000) Laos PDR 35% (2,400,000) Vietnam 57% (55,000,000) 2 hours 37 minutes 50,000,000 Source: Digital in 2018 in Southeast Asia.

Social Media Apps usage in South East Asia Countries Facebook FB messenger WhatsApp Twitter YouTube Other Countries with Elections Cambodia 7,000,000 N/A Indonesia 53,300,000   31,200,000 52,000,000 35,100,000 55,900,000 LINE: 42,900,000 Instagram: 49,400,000 Laos PDR 2,400,000 Malaysia 16,800,000 11,280,000 16,320,000 7,200,000 16,560,000 WeChat: 9,600,000 11,760,000 Myanmar 18,000,000 Philippines 38,190,000 32,830,000 10,050,000 20,100,000 37,520,000 24,120,000 Singapore 3,360,000 2,016,000 3,504,000 1,200,000 3,408,000 1,152,000 2,112,000 Thailand 38,250,000 28,050,000 8,670,000 19,380,000 36,720,000 34,680,000 25,500,000 Countries without Election Brunei 410,000 Vietnam 33,550,000 25,850,000 13,200,000 32,450,000 Zalo: 24,750,000 17,600,000 Source: Digital in 2018 in Southeast Asia.

Legal Developments in Southeast Asia Starting June 2017, ASEAN governments have: established task forces/agencies to monitor online discourses, convened public/select committee hearings, and have proposed revisions or new laws. Two types of proposed legislations (Malaysia: April to August 2018) Cyber security Fake News What is illegal? that which causes hatred, ill-will, riots and social unrests that which causes reputational harm to government and its institutions Penalty: 1-12 years, Fines US$62-US$123,000

ASEAN’s Fake News Joint Declaration 14th Conference of the ASEAN Ministers Responsible for Information (10 May 2018) Joint Media Statement – Section on Combating Fake News - FN is happening on social media platforms - there is a need for ASEAN to collaborate and exchange best practices in combatting fake news and mitigating its harmful effects. Annex 5 of the joint statement: Framework and Joint Declaration to Minimize the Harmful Effect of Fake News - no central regulation or control on content - impact on political institutions and social harmony - share policy experiences related to social media, - promote media literacy and public awareness and - adopt laws and regulations for their national situation - plans to use civil society groups to run digital literacy campaigns and mobilise citizens to proactively report fake news so governments can clarify their positions.

Observed Reality Unlike in the US where Trump is attacking to do reputational damage to the fact-based traditional media, in Southeast Asia government representatives are focused on discrediting critics. Critics are finding themselves on the backfoot becoming victims of governmental fake news that is then amplified by the compliant traditional media and being vilified online by trolls and anonymous social media accounts These governments’ main aim to “protect” their reputation and prevent regime change