Experiences of Repository Developments In Tanzania. Tanzanian Institution Case:

Introduction/Background Open Access movement started in 2008 at UDSM through series of sensitization workshops and seminars. In 2009 UDSM Library came up with IR policy draft for UDSM IR In 2012-Three (3) repositories were launched www.opendoar.org i. MUHAS IR ii. Ifakara Health Institute (IHI) iii. Open University of Tanzania Followed by CCIAM (climate change impacts, adaptation and mitigation) repository in 2013- hosted by SUA In 2013 Tanzania Medical Students (TAMSA) formed a very strong movement team for Open Access and in 2014 TAMSA established an Open Access social movement known as Open Access Tanzania (#OATanzania) on Facebook In 2015- Eleven (11) Institutional Repositories were registered online which exists to date.

What worked Eleven (11) Institutional Repositories deployed and registered online since 2012 to date see Open Doar http://opendoar.org/ (http://v2.sherpa.ac.uk/opendoar/) IR Policies adopted Five repository policies adopted Four repository policy drafts are in the process of being passed

Areas that didn’t work well/Challenges (Areas for Improvement) Lack of Awareness on Open Access concepts and its benefits Low rate of growth of some repositories in terms of the number content Lack of experts on repositories Skills: No enough technical skills to the institution to implement IRs For efficient management of IRs, librarians and technical personnel/systems administrators should work closely to sustain the repositories.

Technical Experience Digital Objects ID integration (DOI and handle server) Repository Management. General management of IR operations (Responsible Personnel?) Disaster recovery plan. Implementation of IR interoperability standards such as harvesting and data exchange among repositories.

Financial Implication Budget for IR in the institution: training staff of essential technical skill to support IR, awareness campaigns. Some authors were not interested in participating without monetary benefit

Faculties & Copyright Faculties are often unaware of whether or not they have retained the rights to their own work, and therefore, whether they can post an article in an institutional repository. To convince faculty to take advantage of the institution repository: plagiarism that is a concern for some faculty members. Qaul-phobia (Fear among scholars on the quality of their work)

Management support Inadequate Intuitional Support Top management support is paramount for successful implementation as there is often a need for staffing changes or redistribution of roles and potentially the need to hire more staff to cater for the increased workload that comes with the initiative.

General remarks IRs are yet to come up with clear guiding principles and best practices on how the institutions are to handle the challenges that arise However IR is very useful to higher educational institutions as a means to promote and share the results of research and writings of academics and researchers.

Brief about the Country United Republic of Tanzania was formed as the a result of uniting to countries which are Zanzibar (Unguja and Pemba Islands) and Tanganyika which is the mainland. First Leader: Mwalimu Julius Kambarage Nyerere (1977–1999 ) Population: According to the 2018 latest United Nations estimates Tanzania has a total of 58 million people. 127 Tribes (we all speak Swahili) Literacy rate: 77.89% of adults are literate University Education There are 43 fully flagged universities: 12 public & 21 private, with 16 University colleges. Tanzania Internet Users The number of Internet users in Tanzania rose by 16 percent at the end of 2017 to 23 million.

Asanteni Dr. Paul Muneja Mr. Joshua Jacob Mr. Daniel Deogratius