The major provisions of the Versailles Treaty included:

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Presentation transcript:

The major provisions of the Versailles Treaty included: A League of Nations that would serve as an international organization to keep peace among nations The League covenant included an agreement that all member nations would work together to stop future acts of aggression The League also included a Court of International Justice to settle disagreements

Germany had to give up land in Europe and all of its overseas colonies The terms of the treaty severely punished Germany Germany had to give up land in Europe and all of its overseas colonies Germany was forced to sign the “war guilt” clause, accepting all blame for the war and paying $33 billion in reparations to the Allies The German military was reduced to 100,000 troops, six warships, no submarines, and could not manufacture war equipment

Central Europe was redrawn to reduce the power of the Austro-Hungarian Empire Land was taken from Germany to create Poland; the German-French border was demilitarized to avoid a future invasion In addition, the Treaty of Versailles redrew the map of Europe and the Middle East 3

Several Slavic nations (such as Bosnia and Serbia) combine to form one large new nation (Yugoslavia) 4

New nations were created from territories that Russia gave up when it left the war early The Ottoman Empire was divided; Britain and France gained mandates in the Middle East

A mandate is the authority to administer a country or territory The mandates gave Britain and France control over oil resources in the Middle East 6

CARVING NEW NATIONS FROM OLD EMPIRES AUSTRIA HUNGARY (two main parts of the Austro- Hungarian Empire are split up) CZECHOSLOVAKIA (taken from Germany and Austria-Hungary) EAST PRUSSIA (a Germanic state now separate from mainland Germany) POLAND (free of Russia and Germany) YUGOSLAVIA (a Slavic nation composed of Serbia, Montenegro, and other Slavic people like Croatians and Bosnians, who are now free from Austria-Hungary)

CARVING NEW NATIONS FROM OLD EMPIRES FINLAND (independent of Russia) ESTONIA (independent of Russia) LATVIA (independent of Russia) LITHUANIA (independent of Germany) IRELAND is now independent of Britain, but… NORTH IRELAND remains under British control The free city of DANZIG is created

BORDER CHANGES TO EXISTING COUNTRIES In war, there are winners and losers The winners expanded their borders while the losers lost land ITALY, ROMANIA, GREECE, and DENMARK expand their borders TURKEY, BULGARIA, GERMANY, and RUSSIA lose territory

NORTH SEA BALTIC SEA ATLANTIC OCEAN BLACK SEA MEDITERRANEAN SEA Norway Sweden NORTH SEA Denmark BALTIC SEA Ireland Russia Great Britain Netherlands Belgium Germany Luxembourg ATLANTIC OCEAN Austria-Hungary Switzerland France Romania BLACK SEA Serbia Bulgaria Montenegro Portugal Spain Italy Albania Turkey/Ottoman Empire Greece Sicily MEDITERRANEAN SEA

ATLANTIC OCEAN NORTH SEA BALTIC SEA BLACK SEA MEDITERRANEAN SEA Finland Norway Estonia North Ireland Sweden NORTH SEA BALTIC SEA Latvia Denmark Lithuania Ireland East Prussia U.S.S.R. Great Britain Netherlands Danzig Poland Germany Belgium ATLANTIC OCEAN Lux Czechoslovakia France Switz. Austria Hungary Romania BLACK SEA Yugoslavia Portugal Bulgaria Italy Spain Turkey Albania Greece Sicily MEDITERRANEAN SEA

On June 28, 1919, Germany and the major Allied Powers signed the Treaty of Versailles and World War I officially came to an end

Most nations celebrated the official end of the Great War Germans protested the harsh terms and resented their own government for giving in and signing the treaty “Down with the brutal peace!” "Down with the Brutal Peace": Mass Demonstration in Berlin's Lustgarten against the Versailles Treaty (1919)

PLANTING THE SEEDS Winston Churchill, Britain’s future Prime Minister, predicted that the harsh terms against Germany would cause conflicts in the future. He called the Treaty of Versailles “monstrous” for its harshness on Germany.

In the United States, reactions to the Treaty of Versailles were mixed According to the U.S. Constitution, only the Senate can approve treaties Many Senators feared that signing the treaty and joining the League would force America to become involved in future foreign wars As a result, the United States never signed the treaty nor joined the League of Nations

Members of the League of Nations (shaded)

World War I was the largest war the world had yet seen and it changed the way future wars were fought Nations used “total war” tactics to commit all their resources to winning; they also drafted soldiers, rationed, and used propaganda New war technologies increased the rates of death and destruction to unprecedented levels The war changed expectations for women and led to voting rights for women in many nations

The terms of the Versailles Treaty caused problems and bitterness in many nations, especially Germany The Treaty of Versailles was said to be a “peace built on quicksand” The treaty did not address the M.A.I.N. causes of WWI The League of Nations did not include the USA; League leaders would do anything to avoid another war High unemployment and desire for revenge would lead to aggressive dictators in the 1920s and 1930s