Chapter 45 Hormones and the Endocrine System A hormone called ecdysteroid regulates the timing of metamorphosis in this anise swallowtail butterfly.

You must know: _______ ways ________________ affect target organs. The secretion, target, action, and regulation of at least 3 hormones. An illustration of both positive and negative feedback in the regulation of homeostasis by hormones.

Types of Intercellular Signaling WORD BANK: Paracrine Autocrine Synaptic Endocrine Neuroendocrine (new)

Endocrine System = Hormone-secreting cells + Tissues Endocrine glands: ________________, secrete hormones directly into body fluids Hormones: chemical signals that cause a response in _______________________ (receptor proteins for specific hormones) Affects 1 tissue, a few, or most tissues in body Or affect other endocrine glands (tropic hormones) Regulation by ____________________________

Pheromones Hormones Local Regulators Chemical signal from 1 _____________ to another _____________ Chemical signal from endocrine _______ through _______ to target cell Chemical signal from one cell to an ___________ cell Eg. ant trail; sex pheromones Eg. peptide, steroid hormones Eg. cytokines, _____________, nitric oxide (NO)

Types of Hormones Peptide Steroid ______________-soluble Bind to receptors on ____________________& triggers signal transduction pathway Affects protein activity ______________________in cell ______________ response ___________ -lived Eg. oxytocin, insulin, epinephrine ______________ -soluble _________ cell & binds to _____________________ receptors Causes change in ________ ____________________ (protein synthesis) ______________ response ________________ life Eg. androgens (testosterone), estrogen, progesterone, cortisol

Epinephrine: ____ hormone  _____ effects Liver cells break down glycogen and release glucose Blood vessels to skeletal muscles dilate Blood vessels to intestines constrict

Master Glands

Master Glands Hypothalamus Pituitary Gland ________ info from nerves and brain Initiates _______________ signals Hypothalamus Posterior pituitary gland: _____________: contract uterine muscles, eject milk in nursing _________________________: promote H2O retention by kidneys Pituitary Gland Anterior pituitary gland: __________________________________ development of ovarian follicles (eggs); promote sperm production ______________________________trigger ovulation; stimulate testosterone production in testes

Hypothalamus regulation of Posterior Pituitary gland

Hypothalamus regulation of Anterior Pituitary gland

Negative feedback systems: ________________ hormones Blood _________ levels Positive feedback system: ______________ (birthing process; release of milk/suckling)

Control of Blood Glucose High blood glucose Liver breaks down glycogen and releases _________ into blood ____________ released from pancreas Body cells take up glucose Liver stores glucose as _________________ __________ released from pancreas Blood glucose ________

Diabetes Mellitus Type I diabetes (10%):deficiency of insulin __________________-dependent __________________ disorder  beta cells of ____________________ destroyed Type II diabetes (90%): failure of ___________________ to respond to insulin Non-insulin dependent Insulin _______________  cells don’t respond (defect in insulin receptor or response pathway) Risk factors: obesity, lack of exercise

Thyroid Gland ____________’ Disease: Autoimmune disorder Hypothalamus TRH Anterior pituitary TSH Thyroid T3 T4 ____________’ Disease: Autoimmune disorder ________________ bind to TSH receptor ____________________ High temp, sweating, weight loss, high BP

Stress and the Adrenal Gland