Global PaedSurg Research Training Fellowship Session 5: Data Collection Professor Adesoji Ademuyiwa & Tessa Conception March 29, 2019

Aim To summarize types of data collection and review methods for collecting data

Objectives Understand basics of the two main types of of data collection: Quantitative and Qualitative Review types of quantitative data and benefits of each type Summarize methods of collecting data

Types of Data Collection Quantitative Survey research Cross-sectional Longitudinal Hospital patient data Retrospective Prospective Qualitative Focus groups Interviews

Quantitative data

Surveys Cross-sectional Longitudinal Take place once across a population Repeated observations of the same population and same variables Example: SOSAS survey Example: US Census, Demographic Health Survey Pros: Tend to be quick, immediate results Pros: Show change over time, can use to show causality Cons: Can be limited in analysis Cons: Time consuming and costly Census Collects data on EVERY person in a group Examples: US Census (every 10 years) Pros: Represents group/country accurately (sampling variance = 0), very detailed Cons: Takes a long time, very expensive Sample survey Collects data on PART of a group Examples: Demographic Health Survey, SOSAS survey Pros: Less expensive, less time consuming Cons: Some sampling variance, sampling strategy needs to be considered

Surveys Other aspects to consider Population to survey - Entire population vs part of population (US census vs DHS) Content of survey Length of survey Census Collects data on EVERY person in a group Examples: US Census (every 10 years) Pros: Represents group/country accurately (sampling variance = 0), very detailed Cons: Takes a long time, very expensive Sample survey Collects data on PART of a group Examples: Demographic Health Survey, SOSAS survey Pros: Less expensive, less time consuming Cons: Some sampling variance, sampling strategy needs to be considered

Survey examples (complicated)

Survey examples (simple)

Hospital patient data Prospective – future sampling Able to gather specific variables Better understanding of context More time consuming Retrospective – past sampling Tends to be quicker and cheaper Limited control of variables Limited understanding of context

Types of quantitative data Binomial – yes/no, true/false Nominal – Color (no order) Ordinal – Scale of 1 to 10 (has order) Closed answer: Provide options for answering Open answer: Participant writes in answer WARNING: Open answer can be informative but difficult to analyze later on. Open answer questions are great for gathering supplemental information. Example: Surgical condition explanation in Somaliland

Qualitative data Qualitative data is defined as the data that approximates and characterizes. Qualitative data can be observed and recorded. This data type is non-numerical in nature. This type of data is collected through methods of observations, one-to-one interview, conducting focus groups and similar methods. Qualitative data in statistics is also known as categorical data. Data that can be arranged categorically based on the attributes and properties of a thing or a phenomenon.

Interviews Most common data collection method for qualitative research Personal approach, typically one-on-one Interviewer typically leads the discussion Key Informant Interviews (KII) Qualitative in-depth interviews with people who know what is going on in the community. The purpose of key informant interviews is to collect information from a wide range of people—including community leaders, professionals, or residents—who have first hand knowledge about the community. (UCLA Center for Health Policy Research)

Interviews Structured Semi-structured Unstructured Questions are pre-determined Semi-structured Some questions are predetermined but interview might change depending on answers Unstructured Topic for interview is determined, but the interview is more of a conversation, with no particular agenda

Focus Groups Group discussion setting. Limited to 6-10 people (typically) Moderator is assigned continue discussion. Members of a group may have something in common.

Methods of data collection Qualitative data is defined as the data that approximates and characterizes. Qualitative data can be observed and recorded. This data type is non-numerical in nature. This type of data is collected through methods of observations, one-to-one interview, conducting focus groups and similar methods. Qualitative data in statistics is also known as categorical data. Data that can be arranged categorically based on the attributes and properties of a thing or a phenomenon.

Methods of Data Collection Paper and pencil Electronic RedCap Microsoft Access Microscoft Excel/Google Sheets Audio recording/transcribing Phone interview In person interview

Paper data collection Pros: Mobile, easy to use, no need for internet Cons: Can be expensive, data security issues

Electronic data collection RedCap Microsoft Excel/Google Sheets https://www.project-redcap.org/ Pros: Easy to use Pros: Free to non profit organizations, complex survey capable, online and offline options, mobile options Cons: Not as secure Open Data Kit (ODK) https://opendatakit.org/ Cons: Must be affiliated with organization Pros: Free, easy to use Cons: Microsoft Access Pros: Within Microsoft programs, secure Cons: Can be difficult to learn/manage

Data Collectors Things to consider: Training time Travel time Compensation Expertise needed Language and culture barriers

Resources https://www.surgeonsoverseas.org/resources/ https://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2002/nsf02057/nsf02057_4.pdf https://www.project-redcap.org/ http://healthpolicy.ucla.edu/programs/health-data/trainings/documents/tw_cba23.pdf Thank you to Tessa Concepcion for the slides.

Thank you for listening, any questions? globalpaedsurg4@gmail.com @GlobalPaedSurg #GlobalPaedSurg @PaedsSurgeon www.globalpaedsurg.com