BTRCC HISTORY GCSE Knowledge organiser Unit 2: Beginnings of change

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BTRCC HISTORY GCSE Knowledge organiser Unit 2: Beginnings of change Timeline Renaissance The Renaissance was the period between 1500-1700 in England. Art and Science were growing in importance. 1543 Vesalius published The Fabric of the Human Body. It showed how the human body worked and changed attitudes to medicine. 1565 First dissection of a human body was carried out 1628 Harvey published his book An Anatomical Account of the Motion of the Heart and Blood which showed blood moving around the body 1645 The first meeting of the Royal Society 1665 The Great Plague in London. 75,000 died 1798 Jenner publishes on vaccination Key terms and words Anatomy The study of the human body and how it works An Essay on Health and Long Life George Cheyene published in 1724 and argued that people should take responsibility for their own health. Continuity Things or ideas that stayed the same over time Evidence Rather than believing and accepting old ideas (e.g. The Four Humours) without question, scientists and doctors were more willing to experiment (e.g. dissecting bodies) to make scientific discoveries. People started to look to evidence over tradition. Inoculation Introducing a mild form of disease through a small scratch on the body to make the person immune to that disease. Laissez-Faire Style of government. To not interfere in peoples lives London Treacle A medicine that was solve to cure the Plague. It contained herbs, spices, honey and opium Mortality Bill A document in each parish in London which recorded who had died and what had killed them. Pesthouse A hospital for people suffering from infectious diseases, e.g. the Plague. Physiology The workings of the body Quack Sold medicines fully understanding they did not do what they said they would. Renaissance – this was a time of change (re-birth) when people became interested in all things Greek and Roman. Printing was developed so that books could be published (e.g. Galen, Vesalius). People realised the Greeks had loved enquiry – asking questions and challenging old ideas. They started to do the same – e.g challenging Galen’s theories Royal College of surgeons Had to have a licence to practise surgery, you couldn’t practise within 7 miles of London without one. Marks the start of the regulation of surgeons. Royal Society A group of people interested in science who met weekly. They had a laboratory with microscopes. King Charles II was a patron. The King Despite some scientific developments, people still believed that the King could cure diseases such as scrofula (a skin disease). Being touched by the King was as close as you could get to being touched by God. The Midwives Book Written by Jane Sharp Combined medical knowledge with an argument that only women should be midwives The Printing Press Introduced to England by William Caxton enabled the more rapid spread of ideas across Britain. Vaccination Injection of a mild form of disease to give immunity to that disease Movers and Shakers Ambroise Pare Army surgeon. Made a new mixture to cauterise wounds and found it to be much more effective than hot oil. Also used Galen’s methods with ligatures to tie-off wound after amputation rather than cauterise. Again, the wounds healed quicker. Later helped to develop artificial limbs. Andreas Vesalius Trained at Paris and Padua. Carried out his own dissections and believed anatomy was key to understanding how the human body works. Scientific approach as for Pare. Edward Jenner Developed vaccination for smallpox from the cowpox virus James Lind Discovered a cure for scurvy (killed more sailors than war) Vitamin C lime juice John Hunter Most famous as a teacher of anatomy and strong belief that deep wounds should be left as much as possible for nature to heal. Lady Johanna St John Lady of the manor who not only looked after the local people but compiled recipes for herbal cures. She collected ‘successful’ remedies from her London friends then made them up and sent them back to London Leonardo Da Vinci One of many artists. Studied the human body and corpses to help accurately draw human body. Also, used dissection to study how muscles etc worked. Artists were used to illustrate medical books. Nicholas Culpeper Published his Complete Herbal (which is still in print today!) to help ordinary people. It was written in English not Latin. Thomas Sydenham Known as the ‘English Hippocrates’. Based his treatments on observation of the whole person and minimal intervention. BTRCC History Department…….. ‘in pursuit of excellence.’