The Growth of Cities and American Culture, 1865-1900 Period 6 (1865-1898) Ch.18 AP U.S. History

Think About It To what extent did industrialism and innovation foster change in American society?

Immigration Massive Influx Old Immigrants New Immigrants 16.2 million immigrants (1850-1900) 8.8 million (1901-1910) Old Immigrants Northern and Western Europe New Immigrants Southern and Eastern Europe; Asia Catholics, Jews, Orthodox

Immigrant Issues Nativist Movement Legislation Ethnic Neighborhoods Immigration Acts of 1882, 1891 Forbid convicts, lunatics, idiots, diseased, disabled Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) Chinese immigration ban for 10 years Chinese prevented from becoming citizens Ethnic Neighborhoods Little Italy Chinatown

Ellis Island “…Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, The wretched refuse of your teeming shore…” Emma Lazarus - The New Colossus, 1883

Steel and Urbanization Skyscrapers Infrastructure Grand Central Station Brooklyn Bridge Urban Innovation Mass Transit Elevated rails Cable cars Subways Elevators Central steam-heating systems NYC 1850 NYC c. 1900

Gilded Age Urbanization 20% of Americans lived in cities by 1860 40% of Americans lived in cities by 1900

Political Machines A political machine is a political organization in which an authoritative boss or small group commands the support of a corps of supporters and businesses (usually campaign workers), who receive rewards for their efforts. The machine's power is based on the ability of the workers to ”get out the vote” for their candidates on election day. William “Boss” Tweed is an example of a “boss” of a political machine Tammany Hall was the name of Boss Tweed’s political machine Political Machines and immigrants: Employment, housing, social services for votes

Political Machines and Boss Politics Definition “in U.S. politics, a party organization, headed by a single boss or small autocratic group, that commands enough votes to maintain political and administrative control of a city, county, or state” Patronage and spoils system Tammany Hall (New York City) William “Boss” Tweed

Urban Problems Overcrowding Pollution Crime Sanitation/Water Treatment Tenement Living Pollution Crime Sanitation/Water Treatment Disease

Urban and Social Reform Jacob Riis How the Other Half Lives (1889) Henry George Progress and Poverty: An Inquiry into the Cause of Industrial Depressions and of Increase of Want with Increase of Wealth: The Remedy (1879) "Take now... some hard-headed business man, who has no theories, but knows how to make money. Say to him: "Here is a little village; in ten years it will be a great city in ten years the railroad will have taken the place of the stage coach, the electric light of the candle; it will abound with all the machinery and improvements that so enormously multiply the effective power of labor. Will in ten years, interest be any higher?" He will tell you, "No!" "Will the wages of the common labor be any higher...?" He will tell you, "No the wages of common labor will not be any higher..." "What, then, will be higher?" "Rent, the value of land. Go, get yourself a piece of ground, and hold possession." And if, under such circumstances, you take his advice, you need do nothing more. You may sit down and smoke your pipe; you may lie around like the lazzaroni of Naples or the leperos of Mexico; you may go up in a balloon or down a hole in the ground; and without doing one stroke of work, without adding one iota of wealth to the community, in ten years you will be rich! In the new city you may have a luxurious mansion, but among its public buildings will be an almshouse."

Urban and Social Reform Settlement House Established in poor urban neighborhoods Provided education, daycare, and health services Middle class volunteers Jane Addams and Hull House Based in Chicago

Urban and Social Reform Social Gospel Applying Christian principles to social problems Based on Matthew 6:10 “Thy kingdom come, Thy will be done on earth as it is in heaven” “What would Jesus do?” (1896) Many of these reform movements were led by the middle class; particularly women Many religious groups took part in the social reform movement The Salvation Army

Temperance and Reform Temperance Organizations Reform Groups National Prohibition Party (1869) Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) (1874) Antisaloon League (1893) Carrie Nation “Hatchetations” Reform Groups Planned parenthood Humane societies Anti-prostitution

Intellectual and Cultural Movements Morrill Land Grants--Education Purpose “to teach such branches of learning as are related to agriculture and the mechanic arts, in such manner as the legislatures of the States may respectively prescribe, in order to promote the liberal and practical education of the industrial classes in the several pursuits and professions in life.” Parameters 30,000 acres of federal land Colleges University of Florida Florida A&M MIT Cornell

Gilded Age Academics Educational Reforms Science Social Sciences Public Education Comprehensive education Compulsory Education Most states required 8-14 year olds to attend schools Kindergartens Led to 90% literacy rate Colleges and Universities Increased through federal legislation and philanthropy Women’s colleges and universities By 1910 40% of college students were women Black colleges and universities Science Charles Darwin and Evolution Technological Innovation Social Sciences Scientific method applied to behavioral sciences Development of psychology, sociology, political science

Gilded Age Art Cross Streets of New York (1899) Everett Shin Ashcan School Breezing Up (A Fair Wind) (1876) Winslow Homer New York (1911) George Bellows

Gilded Age Architecture Carson Mansion (1886) Victorian Chicago Stock Exchange Building (1894) Louis Sullivan “form follows function” Fireproof house Frank Lloyd Wright

Gilded Age Music Mainstream Music Popular Music John Philip Sousa – The March King The Washington Post Stars and Stripes Forever Semper Fidelis Popular Music Ragtime Originated from black communities combining African syncopation and classical music Scott Joplin The Entertainer The Blues Originated c. 1890 from Deep South based on ballads among slaves Lyrics mostly soulful and melancholy

Gilded Age Press and Literature Newspapers and Magazines Sensationalism and scandals Joseph Pulitzer’s New York World William Randolph Hearst’s The New York Journal Editorials and investigative journalism Fiction and Realism Mark Twain The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today Jack London The Call of the Wild