DNA and Protein Synthesis review
Griffith’s Experiment 1) What happened to mice injected with the S strain? 2) What happened to mice injected with the R strain?
3) What happens to the mouse with the heat killed S strain 3) What happens to the mouse with the heat killed S strain? 4) What happens to the mice when injected heat killed S strain and R strain?
Why did the mice die in the 4th experiment Why did the mice die in the 4th experiment? Transformation – the R strain took in genetic material from the heat killed S strain and it turned deadly
Viral experiment What was attached to various parts of the virus? radioactive isotopes
What does DNA stand for? Deoxyribonucleic acid What are the three parts to a nucleotide? 5 carbon sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogen base
What are the rungs of the DNA ladder made of What are the rungs of the DNA ladder made of? bases What are the 4 bases and which ones go together? A goes with T G goes with C
What is the shape of DNA? double helix
What are the sides of the DNA ladder What are the sides of the DNA ladder? backbones What makes up the backbones? sugar and phosphate
The backbones go in opposite direction. What is that called The backbones go in opposite direction. What is that called? antiparallel
DNA replication Why must DNA replicate DNA replication Why must DNA replicate? So each cell gets a copy of DNA during division. Are the copies the same? Yes [and are the same as the parent]
What is the two types of strands are made during replication What is the two types of strands are made during replication? lagging and leading strand (leading is put together continuously and lagging is discontinuous)
What are the sections created on the lagging strand What are the sections created on the lagging strand? OKAZAKI FRAGMENTS What joins those segments together? DNA LIGASE
RNA DNA has coded instruction on how to make _________________? proteins
RNA What is RNA? The messenger from DNA to the ribosomes to make proteins.
RNA What are the differences between DNA and RNA? 1) The sugar is a ribose instead of deoxyribose. 2) RNA is single-stranded (one backbone) 3) RNA contains a U instead of a T.
Protein Synthesis What is transcription? making mRNA from DNA What is mRNA carries copies of instructions from DNA
Protein Synthesis What adds RNA nucleotides to the exposed bases during transcription? RNA polymerase
Protein Synthesis What is left in for the final mRNA to be made? exons
Protein Synthesis What is the sequence of 3 bases on mRNA called? codon
Protein Synthesis What does the mRNA join to begin making proteins? ribosomes
Protein Synthesis and Translation What is translation? making protein decoding the mRNA message What joins to the mRNA at the ribosome? tRNA
Protein Synthesis and Translation What on the tRNA joins to the mRNA? anticodon What does the tRNA bring to the ribosome? amino acids
Protein Synthesis and Translation What does long chains of amino acids create? proteins
Why is DNA universal? all the bases are the same in every living things
What are heritable changes in genetic information What are heritable changes in genetic information? mutations These are changes in one or a few nucleotides? gene mutations These occur at a single point in the DNA sequence? point mutations (due to a substitution) These mutations can shift the reading frame which changes the amino acid? frameshift mutations (due to a insertion or deletion)
These are changes in the number or structure of entire chromosomes These are changes in the number or structure of entire chromosomes? chromosomal mutations (which include deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation)
These are chemical or physical agents in the environment causing mutations? mutagens What are some results of mutagens? cancer, genetic disorders, or a compromised fetus What are some examples of mutagens? pesticides, tobacco, pollutants, gamma rays, X rays, UV light
What are some beneficial effects of mutations What are some beneficial effects of mutations? insects and weeds resisting pesticides bacteria resisting antibiotics humans adding bone strength and density
This is a condition in which plants have extra sets of chromosomes This is a condition in which plants have extra sets of chromosomes. The plant is larger and stronger. polyploidy