Neutralization

Acid – Base Reactions All neutralization rxns are double replacement rxns Strong acid + Strong Base = Salt + Water HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq)  NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

Titrations Process of determining the concentration of an unknown solution by adding a known solution. The known solution is called the standard solution Using an indicator, you can determine when an end point has been reached.

Normality The normality (N) of a sol’n is the concentration expressed as the number of equivalents of solute in one liter of sol’n One equivalent is the amount of acid or base that will give one mole of hydrogen or hydroxide ions, respectively.

Continued Examples

Titration Calculations In a titration, the point of neutralization is called the equivalence point

Buffers Buffers are solutions in which the pH remains relatively constant when small amounts of acid or base are added A buffer is a solution of a weak acid, or base, and one of its salts

Continued Example

Buffer capacity The amount of acid or base that can be added to a buffer sol’n before a significant change in pH occurs is called the buffer capacity

Solubility Product Constant

Common ion effect A common ion is an ion that is common to both salts. The lowering of the solubility of a substance by the addition of a common ion is called the common ion effect