Organelles: Structure and Function

Learning objectives Classify different cell types Describe the structure and function of organelles Explain how structure and function are related Home learning: Prepare Bellringer sheet for next lesson: Electron Microscopes

Name the cell type Eukaryotic cells Prokaryotic cell

Cell type classification Prokaryotes (pro- = “before”): No Nucleus Kingdom bacteria, cyanobacteria Eukaryotes (eu- = “true”): Nucleus Found in all other organisms in the Kingdoms Protoctista Fungi Plantae Animalia

Cell organelles Cell surface membrane Nucleus, nuclear envelope, nucleolus Endoplasmic reticulum (smooth and rough) Golgi apparatus (Golgi complex, Golgi body) Mitochondria (including small circular DNA) Ribosomes (differentiate 80S and 70S) Lysosomes Centrioles + Microtubule Chloroplasts (including small circular DNA) Cell wall and plasmodesmata Large permanent vacuole and tonoplast Draw an organelle from the pot You have 10 minutes to read up on your organelle and prepare a short presentation

Plant Cell A – Tonoplast B – Large Vacuole C- Cell wall D – Cell membrane E – Chloroplast F – Nucleus F1 – Nuclear pore F2 – Nucleolus F3 – Chromatin F4 - Nuclear envelope G – RoughER w/Ribosomes H – Golgi Apparatus I – Mitochondrion

Animal cell A – Nuclear pore B – Nucleolus C – Nuclear envelope D – Golgi apparatus E – Cell membrane F – Microtubules G – Mitochondrion H - rER

Name Function Cell wall Large Vacuole Chloroplast Mitochondria Made of cellulose, a polymer of -glucose. It gives strength and shape to the cell and is totally permeable. Have openings called Plasmodesmata that connect neighbouring cells. Large Vacuole Contains cell sap – a solution of mineral salts, sugars, oxygen, carbon dioxide, enzymes, pigments and waste products. It helps regulate osmotic properties of the cell. Chloroplast Bound by a double membrane or envelope. The inner layer is folded into lamellae. Thylakoid membranes contain chlorophyll and are the site of the light dependent reaction of photosynthesis. The gelatinous matrix, the stroma, is where the light independent stage of photosynthesis takes place. Mitochondria Site of aerobic respiration – link reaction, Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. Tonoplast Surrounds the vacuole and regulates entry/exit of substances into/out of the vacuole Cell membrane Regulates entry and exit of substances into and out of the cell Golgi apparatus It is here that proteins manufactured in the cell are modified. Rough Endoplasmic reticulum Its surface is covered with ribosomes. Here, newly manufactured proteins pass along the cisternae towards the Golgi apparatus. Nucleus Contains the chromatin. Controls the activities of the cell. Nucleolus Ribosomes are made here Ribosomes Sites of protein synthesis. Consist of 2 subunits. Lysosomes Spherical sacs surrounded by a single membrane. Contain digestive enzymes which break down materials Centrioles Small protein tubes of microtubules.

Project Due Tuesday 28th Produce an annotated posters displaying an animal or a plant cell.

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x x x x Group Essay 10

nucleus / DNA 1 controls , activities of cell 2 contains genetic information that can be transmitted to next generation; nucleolus 3 produces , ribosomes / rRNA; smooth ER 4 makes / transports , lipids / steroids / hormones; A named plant e.g. rough ER / ribosomes 5 protein synthesis; rough ER 6 transport of proteins; Golgi 7 processes , molecules / proteins; 8 use in secretion; 9 lysosome formation; lysosome 10 hydrolytic / digestive , enzymes; breakdown , organelles / cell / ingested material; mitochondria 12 formation ATP / suitable energy ref.; 13 aerobic respiration; plasma membrane 14 controls exchange between cell and environment / selectively permeable; 15 receptors for , cell recognition / attachment; 16 fluid to allow , endocytosis / exocytosis; cell wall 17 gives , cell shape / strength / support; 18 prevents bursting (when water enters cell by osmosis); 19 fully permeable; chloroplast 20 photosynthesis; 21 chlorophyll / pigment , absorbs light; vacuole 22 reservoir of , salts / sugars / waste / pigment cytoplasm 25 site of chemical reaction(s) Clear, well organised answer, using specialist terms; 1 [10]

Home learning: Electron Microscopes