Why were these events able to happen?

Causes/Motives of New Imperialism Economic – The Second Industrial Revolution…Why? Copper, tin chrome, manganese, coal, gold, diamonds, cotton, rubber, sugar, coffee, tea, New markets: domestic saturation led to a need for new outlets Political and military interests Nationalism land = p o w e r Bases and to show off military might Cultural Humanitarianism/missionary purposes Social Darwinism “White Man’s Burden”

Tools of New Imperialism…

The Scramble for Africa “Dr. Livingstone I presume” Henry Morton Stanley King Leopold II of Belgium Berlin Conference To avoid bloodshed and maintain balance of power an international conference was held in 1884-1885 in Berlin, Germany.

King Leopold II of Belgium Established the Congo Free State: 1885-1908 This acquisition sparked “the Scramble of Africa” Land was used for rubber plantations, ivory and diamonds In 1908, turned over to Belgium as the Belgium Congo; remained a colony until 1960

Egypt –Northern Africa Beginning with Muhammad Ali and his successors, Egypt had tried to modernize British undermined…why? The Suez Canal – opens in 1869 as the result of the creation of a corporation to fund the project The British: Egyptian debt led 1882 occupation and for next 70 plus years (1956)

Southern Africa Cape Colony long inhabited by Afrikaners dating back to 1652 Britain take Cape Colony in 1815; used Indians as indentured servants for gold, diamonds, copper and iron ore mining Conflict: 1879 Zulu; 1899-1902 Afrikaners (Boers)

Cecil Rhodes Made his fortune in the Kimberly Diamond mines founder of Rhodesia (now called Zambia and Zimbabwe) Founded DeBeers Consolidated At his death, a scholarship fund was set up Est. 33 million dollars

South African War AKA….Boer War 1899-1902 British vs the Dutch Southern Africa, north of the Cape Colony The fight was over land: gold and diamonds Result: British win, but was not an easy fight Concentration camps used by the British

Native Responses to Imperialism -a complexity of resistance Some natives responded by using diplomacy and used Europeans to counter enemies, some accommodated the requests out of compliance, while other resisted violently South Africa: resistance – Zulu and Ndebele West Africa: compliance and then resistance – Asante (Ashanti) East Africa: diplomacy then resistance - Ethiopia Nonetheless, colonial policies made it difficult for natives to continue to live as before

Cultural Responses African Women: because gender roles were different in parts of Africa than in Europe, it hurt women more than helped Missionaries Biggest source of contact Schools were opened-what happened by the next generation? Boys taught a skill set Girls learned domestic tasks Ethiopian Churches Spread of Islam Europeans unintentionally helped spread this faith as well…Why?