19th Century Europe

Italy as “Geographic Expression”

Opposition to Italian Unification The Austrian empire fought Italian unification because they sought to discourage all nationalism and did not want to lose Lombardy and Venetia. The Roman Catholic Church stood in the way of unity because they feared losing their authority to rule over the Papal states Disagreements among Italian nationalists over Italy’s future government (republic or limited monarchy)

Giuseppe Mazzini Founded Young Italy, a secret society of Italian nationalists Seized Papal States in a revolution in 1848 Preached about Italian nationalism through newspapers, pamphlets and speeches Soul of unification

Giuseppe Garibaldi Military leader and friend to Mazzini Fought in wars in Latin America Recruited 1,000 Red Shirts and conquered the Kingdom of Two Sicilies Known as the sword of Italian unification

Count Camillo Cavour Prime minister of Sardinia-Piedmont in 1852 Strengthened Sardinia by promoting industry, building railroads, improving agriculture, encouraging education, and enlarging the army Brains of unification

Events of Italian Unification Formation of Young Italy, 1830 Revolution in Rome, 1848 (failed) Cavour joined with Britain and France in the Crimean War, 1855 War with Austria, 1859 Garibaldi conquered the Kingdom of Two Sicilies, 1860 King Victor Emmanuel becomes king of Italy, 1861

Otto von Bismarck Becomes Chancellor of Prussia in 1862 Gave “blood and iron” speech to the Prussian parliament Used realpolitik to achieve unity in Germany Encouraged France to declare war by editing the Ems dispatch

Steps to German Unity Napoleon’s invasion sparked German nationalism (1807 – 1812) An economic union was formed called the Zolleverein (1830) 1848, Frankfurt Assembly offered throne to William IV of Prussia, he rejected it 1862, Otto von Bismarck becomes chancellor of Prussia

German Unity Cont’d 1864, War with Denmark 1866, war with Austria 1870, war with France (Franco-Prussian War)