Main Characteristics of Anthropology

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Presentation transcript:

Main Characteristics of Anthropology

The Fields of General Anthropology archaeology physical or biological anthropology (bioanthropology) socio / cultural anthropology linguistic anthropology

Texas A & M http://www.tamu.edu/anthropology/news.html

1 2 3 4 http://www.tamu.edu/anthropology/news.html

Main Characteristics culture as a primary concept comparative methods as major approaches to the study of human behavior development and structure holism or the study of "humankind" as a whole, as a primary goal of anthropology

Main Characteristics culture as a primary concept comparative methods as major approaches to the study of human behavior development and structure holism or the study of "humankind" as a whole, as a primary goal of anthropology

Main Characteristics “culture” learned shared transmitted from generation to generation based on symbols integrated

“cultures” are integrated interact and change Main Characteristics “cultures” are integrated interact and change

“culture” is not inherited (i.e., is not biological) is not “instinct” Main Characteristics “culture” is not inherited (i.e., is not biological) is not “instinct”

Main Characteristics culture as a primary concept comparative methods as major approaches to the study of human behavior development and structure holism or the study of "humankind" as a whole, as a primary goal of anthropology

Main Characteristics comparative method as a major approach to the study of human behavior the comparative method compares things

“Social anthropology and the method of controlled comparison” Main Characteristics comparative method One form of comparative method was pioneered by Fred Eggan (University of Chicago) “Social anthropology and the method of controlled comparison” American Anthropologist, 56:743-61 (1954)

“Social anthropology and the method of controlled comparison” Main Characteristics comparative method One form of comparative method was pioneered by Fred Eggan (University of Chicago) “Social anthropology and the method of controlled comparison” American Anthropologist, 56:743-61 (1954)

comparative method Other methods . . . Main Characteristics comparative method Other methods . . . compare things regionally in an attempt to understand process

comparative method Other methods . . . Main Characteristics comparative method Other methods . . . compare things regionally in an attempt to understand process

Main Characteristics the comparative method compares things, for e.g., process of domestication / civilization wheat – Turkey rice – China maize – Mexico manioc – Brazil millet – Africa

Main Characteristics the comparative method compares things, for e.g., process of domestication / civilization wheat – Turkey rice – China maize – Mexico manioc – Brazil millet – Africa

Chapter 14 Food Production Time line for Ch. 14 Food Production. Neolithic Time line for Ch. 14 Food Production. Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 333.

Origin of Domestication for Selected Plants wheat 10,500 ybp rice 7,000 ybp maize 4,200 ybp millet 4,000 ybp manioc 4,200 ybp Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 342.

Main Characteristics culture as a primary concept comparative methods as major approaches to the study of human behavior development and structure holism or the study of "humankind" as a whole, as a primary goal of anthropology

The Fields of General Anthropology archaeology physical or biological anthropology (bioanthropology) socio / cultural anthropology linguistic anthropology

1 2 3 4 http://www.tamu.edu/anthropology/news.html

holism

holism

difficult terms

Glossary ethnography scientific description of cultures (“a portrait of a people”)

Glossary ethno – graphy graph from the Greek, meaning something “written” or “drawn”

ethnology comparative study of cultures Glossary ethnology comparative study of cultures

Glossary ethology scientific study of the social behavior of animals, especially in their natural environments note that there is no n in ethology

Glossary primatology scientific study of the social behavior of primates, especially (non-human primates) apes and monkeys

“primates” prosimians (“pre-monkeys”) monkeys apes and also humans Glossary “primates” prosimians (“pre-monkeys”) monkeys apes and also humans

http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth1602/pcprim.html

“non-human primates” prosimians (“pre-monkeys”) monkeys apes Glossary “non-human primates” prosimians (“pre-monkeys”) monkeys apes

“non-human primates”

Glossary “primatologist” usually refers to one who studies the behavior and social lives of chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans, monkeys, etc. e.g., Jane Goodall, Diane Fossy, Birute Galdikas-Brindamour

Glossary ethnocentrism judging other cultures by the standards of one’s own culture rather than by the standards of that particular culture

Glossary cultural relativism the perspective that each culture must be understood in terms of the values and ideas of that culture and should not be judged by the standards of another

Glossary absolute cultural relativism the perspective that says a person from one culture should not question the rightness or wrongness of behavior or ideas in other cultures because that would be ethnocentric

Glossary critical cultural relativism offers an alternative view that poses questions about cultural practices and ideas in terms of who accepts them and why, and who they might be harming or helping

Multiple Cultural Worlds people live in multiple cultural worlds

multiple cultural worlds class race ethnicity gender age institutions

the three major contemporary debates Biological Determinism vs. Cultural Constructionism (“nature vs. nurture”) (“learned vs. inherited”) Ideationism vs. Cultural Materialism Individual Agency vs. Structuralism (“free will” vs. “power structures”)