The American Offensives

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Presentation transcript:

The American Offensives September-November, 1918

Plans for the Allied Offensive July 24- Meeting of senior commanders Continue push from Marne with immediate attack Foch plans limited offensives to reduce Lys, Amiens, and St. Mihiel Followed by offensive along entire front line Estimated victory: Summer 1919

Independent American Army July 24- Pershing announces formation of American 1st Army Make up: Three American corps (14 division; French corps (3 division) Effective date: Aug. 10 American corps under Pershing and Petain move southward towards St. Mihiel region

The St. Mihiel Salient 200 sq. mile (14 miles into Allied lines) Small copses of woods and flat land Area now German fortress Defended by eight divisions and five in reserve

0800- U.S. V corps attacks southeasterly 0500- U.S. I Corps (most experienced) push to the base 0600- French corps attacks the tip of the salient

The Battle of St. Mihiel Pershing supported by British and French artillery, planes, and tanks Many piloted or manned by Americans Germans expect attack near Belfort; division moved to support area Sep. 12- Pershing begins 4 hour bombardment

The Battle of St. Mihiel Germans surprised by rapidity of attack I Corps made incredible progress Attacks from west and south face heavier resistance and higher casualties Germans eventually withdrew from the salient Sep. 13- St. Mihiel completely under Allied control Local operations mounted to stem counter offensives and secure area

The meuse-Argonne Campaign

The Final Allied Offensive Largest in U.S. military history (1.2 million Americans) Part of the Hundred Days Offensive Main Objective: capture German railway hub at Sedan Organized into three phases Deadliest battle in American history +26,000 deaths Plagued by inexperience and outbreaks of flu

Phase One: Preparation 1st Stage- advance 10 miles; clear Argonne Forest 2nd Stage- advance 10 miles to outflank enemy position Area of Operations for Americans was ~15-20 miles Rugged terrain and forests present obstacles for advance German defense system 15 miles deep and had high ground along flanks of incoming American 1st Attacks began Sep 26 with initial assault being successful

Phase One: Execution Extremely slow progress through Sep. Delay in breaking through center of German line led to arrival of German reserve forces Heavy rains bogged down tanks Resupply efforts more difficult in mud German artillery at heights of banks of Meuse rained down on Allies Lack of experience, teamwork, and logistical support

Phase One: Aftermath First Army moved 8 miles into German lines Heavily defended area 9000 POWs captured; large store of guns Pershing forced to halt and reorganize confused and battered men